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166,118 grants matching “stem cells”
**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** THE SMALL GRAIN CEREAL CROPS OF WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY ARE IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN THE UNITED STATES AND MANY OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD. UNFORTUNATELY, THEY ARE ATTACKED BY RUST DISEASES CAUSED BY THE FUNGAL PATHOGENS PUCCINIA GRAMINIS F. SP. TRITICI (PGT) (WHEAT STEM RUST), P. CORONATA F. SP. AVENAE (PCA) (OAT CROWN RUST), AND PUCCINIA HORDEI (PH) (BARLEY LEAF RUST). YIELD LOSSES DUE TO THESE RUST DISEASES CAN EXCEED 40% DURING SEVERE EPIDEMICS. THE DEPLOYMENT OF RESISTANT VARIETIES IS THE MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS FOR CONTROL OF THE CEREAL RUST DISEASES. THIS STRATEGY IS BASED ON EXPLOITING GENETIC VARIATION FOR NOVEL RESISTANCE (R) GENES. MOST R GENES ENCODE IMMUNE RECEPTOR PROTEINS THAT RECOGNIZE PATHOGEN 'EFFECTOR' PROTEINS WHICH ARE DELIVERED INTO HOST CELLS DURING INFECTION. EFFECTORS RECOGNIZED BY IMMUNE RECEPTOR PROTEINS ARE REFERRED TO AS AVIRULENCE (AVR) FACTORS AS THEIR RECOGNITION LEADS TO THE PATHOGEN'S INABILITY TO INFECT LINES CARRYING THE APPROPRIATE R GENE IMMUNE RECEPTOR. THE MAJOR CHALLENGE IN BREEDING CEREAL CROPS FOR DURABLE RUST RESISTANCE IS THE EVOLUTION OF PATHOGEN POPULATIONS TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE CONFERRED BY R GENES THROUGH MUTATIONS IN THE CORRESPONDING AVR GENES. THIS HAS RESULTED IN MANY BOOM AND BUST CYCLES, WHEREBY NEWLY DEPLOYED RESISTANCE GENES PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR ONLY A LIMITED TIME AND ARE THEN OVERCOME BY NEWLY EVOLVED VIRULENT PATHOGEN ISOLATES. THERE IS A DEARTH OF KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING AVR GENES AS ONLY THREE HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN THE CEREAL RUST FUNGI, ALL FROM PGT. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BROAD REPERTOIRE OF AVR GENES IN CEREAL RUSTS IS CRITICAL FOR UNDERSTANDING HOW INTERACTIONS WITH THE PLANT'S HOST IMMUNE SYSTEM INFLUENCE THE EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN THESE IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL PATHOGENS. THIS KNOWLEDGE, IN TURN, IS CRITICAL FOR DEVELOPING NOVEL RESISTANCE BREEDING STRATEGIES FOR CEREAL CROPS, THEREBY REDUCING THE IMPACT OF THESE DEVASTATING DISEASES FOR PRODUCERS AND END-USERS ALIKE.VERY LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE ROLE OF RUST EFFECTORS IN PROMOTING DISEASE IN THE ABSENCE OF IMMUNE RECOGNITION BY HOST PLANT RECEPTORS. THE OVERALL AIM OF THIS RESEARCH IS TO DETERMINE HOW HOST IMMUNITY AFFECTS VIRULENCE EVOLUTION IN CEREAL RUST FUNGI. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT AIMS TO ADDRESS KNOWLEDGE GAPS BY 1) GENERATING COMPLETE HAPLOTYPE-PHASED GENOME ASSEMBLIES FOR DIVERSE SETS OF PGT, PCA, AND PH ISOLATES FROM ACROSS THE WORLD; 2) IDENTIFYING GENES UNDERLYING AVIRULENCE PHENOTYPES AND THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY; AND 3) UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF AVR EFFECTORS IN DISEASE. BY STUDYING THREE DIFFERENT RUST PATHOGENS ON DIFFERENT CEREAL HOSTS, WE WILL BE ABLE TO CONDUCT CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISONS TO IDENTIFY COMMON MECHANISMS OF VIRULENCE IN THESE SYSTEMS. THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED FROM THIS RESEARCH WILL BE CRITICAL FOR IDENTIFYING COMBINATIONS OF EFFECTIVE R GENES THAT CAN BE BRED INTO SMALL GRAIN CEREAL CULTIVARS, LEADING TO THE DURABLE CONTROL OF THE DEVASTATING RUST PATHOGENS. MOREOVE,R, THE DATA GENERATED FROM THIS WORK WILL INCREASE GLOBAL RUST SURVEILLANCE CAPACITY BY REDUCING THE NEED FOR COSTLY, LABOR-INTENSIVE INFECTION ASSAYS AND WILL FACILITATE RISK ASSESSMENTS FOR POSSIBLE RESISTANCE BREAKDOWN. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH WILL PROVIDE THIS CRITICAL MISSING ELEMENT IN DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND CROP PROTECTION PROGRAMS TO REDUCE BOOM AND BUST CYCLES OF RUST DISEASE EPIDEMICS IN SMALL GRAIN CEREAL CROPS, WHICH WILL ULTIMATELY CONTRIBUTE TO GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY.
$767,900Regents Of The University Of Minnesota · · FY2022 · National Institute of Food and Agriculture
RUI: Cell Size and Molecular Concentrations in eukaryotes
$767,880Amy Ikui · Cuny Brooklyn College · · FY2025 · BIO
Human brain multi-omics to decipher major depression pathophysiology
$767,719Maura Boldrini · New York State Psychiatric Institute Dba Research Foundation For Mental Hygiene, Inc · R01 · FY2024 · MH
Modeling the role of the NTS in the neurogenesis of airway defensive behaviors
$767,715Donald C Bolser · University Of Florida · R01 · FY2017 · HL
Development of Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Myeloid Malignancies
$767,708Nirali Shah · Division Of Basic Sciences - Nci · ZIA · FY2024 · CA
1/2 Targeted Sequencing and Functional Evaluation of Mutations in Schizophrenia
$767,659Stephen T. Warren · Emory University · R01 · FY2014 · MH
Clonal hematopoiesis in the Women's Health Initiative
$767,594Alexander P Reiner · Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center · R01 · FY2022 · HL
Elucidation of Genetic Effects on Sleep and Circadian Traits
$767,589Philip Richard Gehrman · University Of Pennsylvania · R01 · FY2021 · HL
Engineering and visualizing genome folding at high spatiotemporal resolution
$767,573Arjun Raj · University Of Pennsylvania · U01 · FY2015 · HL
Gene editing strategies to target HIV for elimination in periphery and brain
$767,557Brian Wigdahl · Drexel University · R01 · FY2017 · MH
Harnessing Glycoproteomics and Glycomics to Understand Cardiac Biology and Disease
$767,500Rebekah L. Gundry · University Of Nebraska Medical Center · R35 · FY2025 · HL
Development of human inner ear organoid platforms for human auditory/vestibular disorders
$767,494Xue Z Liu · University Of Miami School Of Medicine · R01 · FY2025 · DC
Physical activity predictors of cognitive and brain health in the risk for Alzheimer's disease
$767,484Gene E Alexander · University Of Arizona · R56 · FY2020 · AG
Origin of Cortical Species-specific Distinctions
$767,481Pasko Rakic · Yale University · R01 · FY2009 · DA
Integrating Spatial Multi-omics and Clinical Covariates to Identify Mechanisms of Disease in ALS-FTD
$767,453Hemali Phatnani · New York Genome Center · R01 · FY2023 · NS
Attacking stress tolerance in cancer
$767,436David A Cheresh · University Of California, San Diego · R35 · FY2021 · CA
Pro-inflammatory activation of human macrophages regulated by lncRNAs
$767,374Masanori Aikawa · Brigham And Women'S Hospital · R01 · FY2019 · HL
Development of tools for site-directed analysis of gene function
$767,363Maura A. McGrail · Iowa State University · R24 · FY2022 · OD
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN THE PREVENTION OF THROMBOSIS AND NEOINTIMAL HYPERPLASIA
$767,348Devendra K. Agrawal · Creighton University · R01 · FY2016 · HL
Stem cell mobilization and diabetic skin ulcers
$767,308Stephen Raymond Thom · University Of Pennsylvania · R01 · FY2012 · DK
A vascularized patient-derived iPSC liver acinus microphysiology system as an innovative precision medicine platform for optimizing clinical trial design for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
$767,285D. Lansing Taylor · University Of Pittsburgh At Pittsburgh · UH3 · FY2022 · TR
Imaging self-renewal and transformation in hematopoietic stem cells
$767,250Tannishtha Reya · University Of California, San Diego · DP1 · FY2012 · CA
Modeling HIV/AIDS Associated Neurological Disorders with Human Pluripotent Cells
$767,250Tariq M Rana · University Of California, San Diego · DP1 · FY2016 · DA
Cancer Therapy Clinical Trials Using Novel Recombinant Vaccines
$767,212James L. Gulley · Division Of Basic Sciences - Nci · ZIA · FY2013 · CA
Seeds and Strains Derived from Tau Monomer
$767,180Marc I Diamond · Ut Southwestern Medical Center · R01 · FY2024 · AG