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THE DYNAMICS OF ANY PLANETARY ATMOSPHERE IS GOVERNED BY ITS ENERGY SOURCES LOSSES AND TRANSPORT CHANNELS. MOST PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES AND IONOSPHERES ARE PROTECTED FROM SOLAR WIND FLOW BY LARGE INTRINSIC MAGNETIC FIELDS THUS THE MAJOR SOURCE OF EXTERNAL ENERGY IS THE SUN. PLANETS THAT DO NOT POSSESS LARGE INTRINSIC MAGNETIC FIELDS (VENUS AND MARS) NOT ONLY HAVE THE SOLAR ENERGY SOURCE BUT THE INCOMING SOLAR WIND AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY AND A VEHICLE OF ENERGETIC LOSS VIA JEAN S ESCAPE SPUTTERING AND ION PICKUP. .TITAN OFFERS AN INTERESTING LIMITING CASE FOR EXAMINING AN ATMOSPHERE S INTERACTION WITH THESE EXTERNAL SOURCES. WHILE TITAN IS NOT A PLANET IT HAS AN EXTENSIVE AND HEAVY ATMOSPHERE. FURTHER IT IS FAR FROM THE SUN AND THE BALANCE OF ENERGY SOURCES (MAGNETOSPHERIC FLOW AND FIELDS VS. SOLAR) IS MUCH CLOSER TO EVEN. RADIO OCCULTATION OBSERVATIONS OF TITAN S IONOSPHERE TYPICALLY HAVE FOUND NOT A MAIN IONOSPHERIC PEAK NEAR 1200 KM ALTITUDE AS EXPECTED FROM SOLAR DRIVEN CHEMICAL MODELING HOWEVER IN SOME CASES A SIGNIFICANT (~3 X 10^3 CM-3) LAYER BETWEEN 500-600 KM ALTITUDE IS MEASURED. THE DENSITY PEAK IN THIS SECOND LAYER WAS OBSERVED TO VARY BETWEEN 0.7-3 X 10^3 CM-3 ALONG WITH CHANGES IN THE SLOPE OF ITS DENSITY PROFILE SUGGESTING A VARIABLE PRODUCTION SOURCE. CRAVENS ET AL. [2008] SUGGESTED THAT THE IONIZATION SOURCE IS ENERGETIC H+ AND O+ IONS FROM SATURN S MAGNETOSPHERE. THIS IDEA IS FURTHER BOLSTERED BY ENA OBSERVATIONS OF TITAN BY THE INCA INSTRUMENT THAT SHOW ENERGETIC ION PRECIPITATING INTO TITAN S IONOSPHERE (CF. MITCHELL ET AL. 2005). THE LOWER IONOSPHERIC LAYER IS BELOW THE CLOSEST APPROACH OF CASSINI (~950 KM) SO IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO STUDY THIS LAYER WITH IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS. .THE VARIABLE NATURE OF THE LOWER IONOSPHERIC LAYER SUGGESTS SEVERAL QUESTIONS. TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF THIS LAYER CONTROLLED BY THE FLUX OF THE INCIDENT IONS? IS THE LAYER SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC ABOUT THE MOON? DOES TITAN S INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERE HAVE ANY INFLUENCE ON THIS LAYER? HOW DOES THE INFLUX OF MAGNETOSPHERIC IONS INTERACTING WITH THE NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE CREATE THIS LAYER? HOW MUCH DOES SCATTERING THE INCIDENT IONS BY THE NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE AFFECT THESE EXPECTED RESULTS? WHAT EFFECTS MIGHT THIS LOWER IONOSPHERIC LAYER HAVE ON TITAN S PLASMA INTERACTION? THIS IS A COMPLEX PROBLEM THAT WILL REQUIRE A SOPHISTICATED SET OF TOOLS TO TACKLE IT. .WE PROPOSE TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS USING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3-D) PARTICLE CODE THAT INCLUDES ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM SIMULATIONS OF TITAN S INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERE A SIMPLIFIED ION-NEUTRAL CHEMICAL SCHEME THAT INCLUDES 10 NEUTRAL SPECIES 9 ION SPECIES OVER 40 ION-NEUTRAL CHEMICAL REACTIONS NEUTRAL DENSITIES AND FLOWS FROM THE 3-D TGITM ATMOSPHERIC MODEL. THE PATH OF THE ENERGETIC IONS WILL SOLVED USING THE LORENTZ FORCE WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY MODELING INTERACTION PROCESSES (CHARGE-EXCHANGE ION-STRIPPING SCATTERING AND MOLECULAR DESTRUCTION) WITH THE ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRAL SPECIES. THE RESULTING PRODUCT WILL BE 3-D MAPS (LAT. LONG. AND ALTITUDE) OF IONIZATION RATES ION DENSITIES ATMOSPHERIC HEATING AND NEUTRAL SPECIES ALTERATION AS FUNCTIONS OF THE INCIDENT ION FLUX AND INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. .ONE OF THE PRIMARY GOALS OF THE CASSINI MISSION WAS TO STUDY TITAN S ATMOSPHERE AND ITS INTERACTION WITH SATURN S MAGNETOSPHERE. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH WILL SIGNIFICANTLY ADVANCE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW SATURN S MAGNETOSPHERE INFLUENCES AND DRIVES PROCESSES IN TITAN S ATMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE IN A REGION THAT WAS NOT DIRECTLY SAMPLED BY CASSINI. TO ACHIEVE THE RESEARCH OBJECTIVES CASSINI DATA FROM MIMI MAG INMS CAPS AND RSS WILL BE USED AS INPUTS AND VALIDATION OF THE SIMULATIONS AND TO IDENTIFY SIGNALS FOUND IN THE DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE ENERGETIC ION DEPOSITION. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH WILL IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF TITAN S LOWER IONOSPHERE AND WILL SIGNIFICANTLY ENHANCE THE SCIENTIFIC RETURN FROM THE CASSINI MISSION. .
$541,067Regents Of The University Of California, The · · FY2020 · National Aeronautics and Space Administration
MAINTENANCE PSYCHOTHERAPY IN RECURRENT DEPRESSION
$541,037University Of Pittsburgh At Pittsburgh · R01 · FY2000 · MH
SENIOR LEADERSHIP
$541,026Steven Terry Rosen · Northwestern University At Chicago · P30 · FY2013 · CA
THE ABUNDANCES AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN IN GLASSES&MINERALS FROM CHONDRULES AND CAIS CAN POTENTIALLY PROVIDE INFORMATION ON THE IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY FORMED AND/OR SUBSEQUENT MODIFICATION IN THEIR PARENT BODIES. IN THE INNER SOLAR SYSTEM END MEMBER VOLATILE SOURCES INCLUDE THE SOLAR NEBULA GAS AND WATER ICE; THESE TWO SOURCES HAVE D/H RATIOS THAT DIFFER BY UP TO AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE AND ARE ALSO CHARACTERIZED BY VERY DIFFERENT O ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS. ADDITIONALLY COUPLED DATA ON DEGREE OF HYDRATION AND O ISOTOPE COMPOSITIONS OF CHONDRULES AND CAIS CAN POTENTIALLY IDENTIFY OPEN-SYSTEM BEHAVIOR IN PHASES THAT ARE USED FOR AL-MG PB-PB SM-ND AND HF-W CHRONOMETRY. OBJECTIVES: WE WILL EXAMINE CHONDRULES AND CAIS IN THE MOST PRIMITIVE (I.E. THE LEAST METAMORPHOSED AND AQUEOUSLY ALTERED) CO CM CR AND CV CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES AND THE ORDINARY CHONDRITES SEMARKONA AND MET00526 TO DETERMINE IF THEY (A) PRESERVE EVIDENCE FOR VOLATILES INCORPORATED FROM THE SOLAR NEBULA POTENTIALLY RECORDING THE PARTIAL PRESSURE OF HYDROGEN DURING THEIR FORMATION; AND (B) RECORD OPEN-SYSTEM BEHAVIOR FOR H O IN THEIR PARENT BODIES. NEBULAR SIGNATURES CAN BE OVERPRINTED BY LATER INTERACTIONS WITH LOW-TEMPERATURE H2O-RICH FLUIDS IN CHONDRITE PARENT BODIES ACCOMPANIED BY HYDRATION AND FORMATION OF MOLECULAR H2O IN GLASS THAT IS FAR IN EXCESS OF THE H2O/OH RATIO TYPICAL OF QUENCHED HIGH-TEMPERATURE MELTS. THIS EXCESS MOLECULAR H2O IS READILY OBSERVED BY FTIR (SO MUCH SO THAT IT HAS FORMED THE FOUNDATION OF AN H2O-DIFFUSION-BASED DATING METHOD FOR OBSIDIAN TOOLS IN ARCHAEOLOGY). WE WILL USE SEM EPMA SIMS FTIR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY TO FOCUS ON DOCUMENTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATIONS AND ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF H AND O IN CHONDRULES AND CAIS AND THE H2O/OH RATIO IN CHONDRULE GLASSES IN THE LEAST ALTERED AND METAMORPHOSED CHONDRITES IN ORDER TO DETERMINE THE SOURCES OF HYDROGEN PRESENT IN THE EARLIEST INNER SOLAR SYSTEM. OUR ULTIMATE AIM IS THE DETECTION OF NEBULAR H IN CHONDRULES AND/OR CAIS. THIS WILL BE CHALLENGING AS NOT ONLY DO WE EXPECT CONCENTRATIONS TO BE LOW (THOUGH LIKELY WITHIN THE SIMS DETECTION LIMITS OF OUR ~0.1 PPM) BUT WE MUST ALSO EXCLUDE THE POTENTIAL OVERPRINTING BY THERMAL METAMORPHISM AND/OR AQUEOUS ALTERATION. THIS STUDY WILL PROVIDE CONSTRAINTS ON THE VARIOUS MODELS THAT EXIST TO EXPLAIN CHONDRULE AND CAI FORMATION AND THE SOURCES OF ALTERING FLUIDS AND THE MECHANISMS OF FLUID-ROCK INTERACTION IN THE CHONDRITES. IN PAST WORK WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A UNIQUE ABILITY TO DETECT VERY LOW LEVELS OF HYDROGEN SILICATE MINERALS AND GLASSES BY SIMS WITH DETECTION LIMITS BETTER THAN 0.1 PPM. ADDITIONALLY OUR PRIOR WORK ON LUNAR VOLCANIC GLASSES AND MELT INCLUSIONS HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT WE CAN OBTAIN RELIABLE DATA ON H ISOTOPES AT TOTAL H CONCENTRATIONS<0.6 PPM (5.4 PPM H2O) AND SPATIALLY-RESOLVED ANALYSES OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES AT THE MICRON SCALE OBTAINED BY SCANNING ION IMAGING SIMS. WE ARE THUS IN THE BEST POSSIBLE POSITION TO ADDRESS THE PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING AND CHARACTERIZING THE VOLATILE SIGNATURES OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE COMPONENTS IN CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITES. RELEVANCE: THIS STUDY WILL ADDRESS SEVERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE EMERGING WORLDS PROGRAM INCLUDING: (1) PROTOPLANETARY DISK FORMATION AND EVOLUTION (2) NEBULAR TRANSPORT MECHANISMS (3) LARGE-SCALE CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION PROCESSES (4) CHEMICAL PROCESSING OF GAS DUST AND ICE (5) THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ANCIENT MATERIALS (CAIS CHONDRULES) (6) EARLY THERMAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING ON SMALL BODIES AND (7) PROCESSES THAT OCCUR ON SOLAR-SYSTEM BODIES DURING THE PERIOD OF GLOBAL DIFFERENTIATION. THE PROJECT WILL SUPPORT A POSTDOC AT THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON AND PROVIDE ANALYTICAL SUPPORT FOR A GRADUATE STUDENT AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY.
$541,000Carnegie Institution Of Washington · · FY2020 · National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Prenatal Fatty Acid Supplementation and Early Childhood Asthma and Atopy in Black American Families
$540,989Kathryn Elizabeth Keenan · University Of Chicago · R01 · FY2024 · HL
State medical marijuana laws and MTF teen marijuana use and attitudes since 1991
$540,960Deborah S. Hasin · New York State Psychiatric Institute Dba Research Foundation For Mental Hygiene, Inc · R01 · FY2016 · DA
Maryland Prostate Cancer Case-Control Study
$540,958Stefan Ambs · Division Of Basic Sciences - Nci · ZIA · FY2025 · CA
The role of immune cells in Alzheimer's disease
$540,952Arya Biragyn · National Institute On Aging · ZIA · FY2019 · AG
Information Processing by Visual System Neurons
$540,864Lance M Optican · National Eye Institute · Z01 · FY2007 · EY
Impact of Microparticles on Oral TSE Infections
$540,815Judd M. Aiken · University Of Wisconsin-Madison · R01 · FY2008 · NS
Cytokine control of hematopoiesis and leukemias
$540,680Lothar Hennighausen · National Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases · Z01 · FY2008 · DK
Proteins From Hereditary Eye Diseases: In-silico and Experimental Studies
$540,633Yuri Sergeev · National Eye Institute · ZIA · FY2015 · EY
Proj. 1 Targeting Tumor-Specific Neoepitopes for Glioblastoma Immunotherapy
$540,614David Reardon · Brigham And Women'S Hospital · P01 · FY2021 · CA
A Translational Approach to Evaluating the Effects of Physical Activity on ADHD
$540,583Betsy Hoza · University Of Vermont & St Agric College · R01 · FY2013 · MH
COHESIN REGULATORY PROTEINS AND CHROMOSOMAL ARCHITECTURE IN NORMAL AND MALIGNANT B-CELLS
$540,539Ari M. Melnick · Weill Medical Coll Of Cornell Univ · R01 · FY2018 · CA
Risk and Benefits of Overdose Education and Naloxone Prescribing to Heroin Users
$540,495Sandra D. Comer · New York State Psychiatric Institute Dba Research Foundation For Mental Hygiene, Inc · R01 · FY2014 · DA
Zebrafish core
$540,463Christine Kettenhofen · Division Of Basic Sciences - Nci · ZIC · FY2021 · CA
Growth differentiation control in primary keratinocytes
$540,448Gian Paolo Dotto · Massachusetts General Hospital · R01 · FY2011 · AR
Allergic Condition Susceptibility Polymorphisms and Glioma Risk
$540,339Judith Schwartzbaum · Ohio State University · R01 · FY2010 · CA
Alcohol Effects on Cognitive & Affective Mediation of Women's Decision Making
$540,318Jeanette Norris · University Of Washington · R01 · FY2012 · AA
CAREER: Reward Learning Shapes the Fear Circuit
$540,302Alicia Izquierdo · University Of California-Los Angeles · · FY2022 · BIO
Fibromyalgia: Interventions for pain and mood regulation
$540,294Mary Colleen Davis · Arizona State University-Tempe Campus · R01 · FY2011 · AR
Fibromyalgia: Interventions for pain and mood regulation
$540,294Mary Colleen Davis · Arizona State University-Tempe Campus · R01 · FY2012 · AR
Targeting Glial HuR to Suppress Inflammation and Promote Neuroprotection in Acute Stroke
$540,236Peter H King · University Of Alabama At Birmingham · R01 · FY2025 · NS
Regulation of PPARgamma Expression and Adipogenesis by PTIP-Associated Factors
$540,085Kai Ge · National Institute Of Diabetes And Digestive And Kidney Diseases · ZIA · FY2010 · DK