**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** COMMODITY CROP PRODUCTION IS THREATENED BY THE EVOLUTION OF WEED BIOTYPES THAT ARE RESISTANT TO MULTIPLE HERBICIDE MODES OF ACTION. THESE MULTIPLE HERBICIDE RESISTANT (MHR) WEEDS HAVE RENDERED MANY COMMON HERBICIDE CHEMISTRIES INEFFECTIVE, CAUSING SEVERE YIELD LOSSES IN COMMODITY CROPS AND LEADING FARMERS TO INCREASE THE NUMBER AND VOLUME OF HERBICIDE PRODUCTS USED IN THEIR WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS. OVER THE LONG-TERM, HOWEVER, SOLE DEPENDENCY ON HERBICIDES FOR WEED MANAGEMENT WILL ONLY EXACERBATE THE MHR EPIDEMIC. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT (IWM) PROGRAMS THAT INCORPORATE NON-CHEMICAL STRATEGIES ALONGSIDE EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL CONTROL OPTIONS CAN REDUCE SELECTION PRESSURE FOR MHR . SITE-SPECIFIC WEED MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS THAT USE PRECISION TECHNOLOGIES TO TARGET INDIVIDUAL WEEDS WITH EFFECTIVE CHEMICAL AND/OR NON-CHEMICAL CONTROLS CAN ALSO REDUCE SELECTIVE PRESSURE BY ACCOUNTING FOR THE INHERENT SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY OF WEED POPULATIONS AND SIMULTANEOUSLY DETECTING AND PREVENTING ESCAPES OF MHR WEEDS. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE PRECISION IWM STRATEGIES THAT EMPHASIZE PREVENTION THROUGH MULTIPLE COMPLEMENTARY TACTICS IS CRITICAL FOR REDUCING THE RATE OF HERBICIDE RESISTANCE EVOLUTION AND SPREAD.MEASURING THE SUCCESS OF AN IWM PROGRAM IS NOT BASED ON THE EFFICACY OF EACH INDIVIDUAL TACTIC IN A GIVEN GROWING SEASON, BUT RATHER ON THE COLLECTIVE ABILITY OF MULTIPLE TACTICS TO MANAGE WEED POPULATIONS AT LEVELS THAT PREVENT INTERFERENCE WITH CROP PRODUCTION OVER MULTIPLE YEARS. THUS, FOR EFFECTIVE IWM TO BE DEVELOPED AND ADOPTED, THERE IS A NEED FOR WAYS TO MONITOR WEED POPULATIONS WITH HIGHER SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONS THAN IS PROVIDED BY TRADITIONAL METHODS SUCH AS MANUAL SCOUTING AND VISUAL WEED CONTROL RATINGS.RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTER VISION (CV) TECHNOLOGY HAVE ENABLED LOW-COST SENSING SYSTEMS FOR ESTIMATING WEED BIOMASS AND DENSITY AT THE SPECIES LEVEL. INFORMATION FROM THESE SYSTEMS CAN PROVIDE HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAPS OF WEED POPULATIONS THAT CAN ASSIST WITH EVALUATING BOTH SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF WEED MANAGEMENT TACTICS INDIVIDUALLY AND IN COMBINATIONS.DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ABOUT WEED POPULATIONS (I.E., SEEDLING EMERGENCE, MORTALITY, FECUNDITY) OBTAINED FROM CV SYSTEMS CAN ALSO BE COMBINED WITH DATA ON THE TYPICAL VARIATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AT A SITE TO PREDICT THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF COMBINING MULTIPLE WEED MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES, THEREBY REDUCING THE RESOURCES NEEDED TO DIRECTLY MONITOR THESE EFFECTS. UTILIZING CV TECHNOLOGY TO MONITOR WEED POPULATIONS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL WILL ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND ADOPTION OF EFFECTIVE PRECISION IWM STRATEGIES, THEREBY COMBATTING THE MHR EPIDEMIC AND IMPROVING THE OVERALL SUSTAINABILITY OF WEED MANAGEMENT.GETTING RID OF WEEDS (GROW; WWW.GROWIWM.ORG) IS A NATIONAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION NETWORK OF WEED SCIENTISTS, AGRONOMISTS, COMPUTER SCIENTISTS, AND AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS COLLABORATING TO DEVELOP PRECISION IWM TECHNOLOGIES. THE GROW TEAM HAS PREVIOUSLY DEVELOPED WEEDS3D,,A LOW-COST CV PLATFORM FOR WEED MAPPING. WEEDS3D CONSISTS OF A GOPRO CAMERA, AN ANDROID TABLET FOR CAMERA CONTROL, IMAGE UPLOAD, AND DISPLAYING WEED MAPS, AND A CLOUD-COMPUTING BASED IMAGE PROCESSING PIPELINE. WEEDS3D IS CAPABLE OF GENERATING 3D POINT CLOUD RECONSTRUCTIONS OF WEED AND CROP PLANTS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL THAT ALLOW FOR THE ESTIMATION OF INDIVIDUAL PLANT BIOMASS. WHILE THIS TECHNOLOGY HAS MANY POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR PRECISION WEED MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT, IT HAS YET TO BE USED AS A TOOL FOR DATA COLLECTION IN APPLIED IWM RESEARCH.THIS PROJECT WILL TEST THE WEEDS3D SYSTEM'S ABILITY TO ACCURATELY ESTIMATE WEED DEMOGRAPHIC DATA (I.E., WEED DENSITY, BIOMASS, AND FECUNDITY AT THE SPECIES LEVEL) IN A MULTI-STATE FIELD EXPERIMENT ASSESSING THE INTEGRATION OF COVER CROPS (CCS) AND RESIDUAL HERBICIDES FOR MHR WEED CONTROL. AT EACH RESEARCH SITE THREE COVER CROP MANAGEMENT TREATMENTS (NO COVER/FALLOW, CEREAL RYE TERMINATED 2 WEEKS PRIOR TO SOYBEAN PLANTING, AND CEREAL RYE TERMINATED AT OR SOON AFTER SOYBEAN PLANTING) AND TWO HERBICIDE TREATMENTS (POST-ONLY, AND PRE-RESIDUAL FOLLOWED BY POST) WILL BE UTILIZED IN A FACTORIAL RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN TO CREATE A GRADIENT OF IWM INTENSITY. COVER CROP PERFORMANCE, WEED DEMOGRAPHICS, AND SOYBEAN YIELD WILL BE MEASURED USING BOTH TRADITIONAL SAMPLING METHODS (I.E., QUADRAT SAMPLES OF DENSITY, BIOMASS, YIELD) AND THE WEEDS3D SYSTEM. DATA FROM QUADRAT SAMPLING WILL BE USED TO VALIDATE THE WEED DENSITY AND BIOMASS ESTIMATES PRODUCED BY WEEDS3D, AND BOTH DATASETS WILL BE ANALYZED TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY OF THE IWM TREATMENTS ON WEED POPULATIONS AND SOYBEAN YIELD. RESULTS FROM THIS EXPERIMENT WILL BE USED TO INFORM BEST PRACTICES FOR MANAGING COVER CROPS AND INTEGRATING THEM WITH EFFECTIVE HERBICIDE PROGRAMS TO MANAGE MHR WEEDS AND SLOW RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT AND SPREAD.IN ADDITION TO EVALUATING THE IMPACTS OF A PROMISING IWM STRATEGY ON WEED POPULATION DYNAMICS WITHIN A GROWING SEASON, THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL ALSO DEVELOP DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND STATISTICAL APPROACHES FOR PREDICTING THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF IWM STRATEGIES BY PARAMETERIZING PREDICTIVE WEED POPULATION MODELS WITH DEMOGRAPHIC ESTIMATES GENERATED BY THE WEEDS3D SYSTEM. IN SHORT, THIS WILL INVOLVE DEVELOPING SIMULATION MODELS TO PREDICT HOW MHR WEED POPULATIONS RESPOND TO IWM TACTICS OVER LONGER PERIODS OF TIME, AND INTEGRATING THESE MODELS WITH THE EXISTING WEEDS3D IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE AND DATABASE THROUGH A NEW APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE, ALSO DEVELOPED AS PART OF THE PROJECT EFFORT. THESE COMBINED EFFORTS WILL RESULT IN AN IMPROVED WEEDS3D SYSTEM WITH A SEAMLESS DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS PIPELINE THAT WILL ALLOW RESEARCHERS WITH MINIMAL PROGRAMMING OR MODELING EXPERIENCE TO QUICKLY AND EASILY COLLECT VIDEOS OF RESEARCH TRIALS, EXTRACT INFORMATION ABOUT WEED DEMOGRAPHICS AT THE SPECIES LEVEL, AND PREDICT THE LONG-TERM IMPACTS OF IWM TACTICS BEING TESTED IN THE TRIALS. BY FACILITATING THE DATA COLLECTION,AND ANALYSIS PROCESS AND THEREBY REDUCING THE TIME, LABOR, AND OTHER RESOURCES NECESSARY FOR IWM RESEARCH, THESE TOOLS PROMISE TO GREATLY ACCELERATE THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF IWM STRATEGIES AND THEREBY PROVIDE MORE OPTIONS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF MHR WEEDS.