** AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** THIS PROJECT EXAMINES THE WAYS URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION SYSTEMS HAVE RESPONDED BOTH SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY SINCE THE ONSET OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. WE DRAW ON UNIQUE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL DATA RECORDING THE MONTHLY HOME LOCATION OF OVER 30 MILLION MOBILE DEVICES (10% OF ALL DEVICES IN THE US) TO PROVIDE THE FIRST EXTENSIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHARACTER OF MIGRATION RESPONSES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. TRACKING MONTH-BY-MONTH CHANGES IN MOBILE DEVICES' HOME LOCATIONS FROM JANUARY 2019 THROUGH DECEMBER 2021 WILL PROVIDE A SPATIALLY AND TEMPORALLY FINE RESOLUTION PICTURE OF MIGRATION SYSTEMS IN THE YEAR PRIOR TO THE PANDEMIC AND DOCUMENT THE WAYS THESE SYSTEMS HAVE CHANGED SINCE JANUARY OF 2020. THE UNIQUE DATA ALLOW US TO STUDY ASPECTS OF MIGRATION NOT POSSIBLE WITH CONVENTIONAL MIGRATION DATA SOURCES. THE MULTI-STAGE RESEARCH DESIGN FOCUSES ON TWO FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS. RQ1 - HOW HAVE MIGRATION SYSTEMS RESPONDED SPATIALLY TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC? IN ANSWERING RQ1 WE WILL EXAMINE CHANGES IN URBAN-RURAL MIGRATION FLOWS BETWEEN PLACES ALONG THE RURAL-URBAN CONTINUUM AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACES WITH THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL MIGRATION SHIFTS. RQ2 - HOW HAVE MIGRATION SYSTEMS RESPONDED TEMPORALLY TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC? THROUGH RQ2 WE WILL DISTINGUISH BETWEEN TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT MOVERS, IDENTIFY NEW FORMS OF CYCLICAL MIGRATION BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL PLACES, AND EXAMINE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLACES WHERE MIGRATION SHIFTS HAVE BEEN TEMPORARY AND CONTRAST THOSE WITH PLACES WITH MORE PERMANENT MIGRATION CHANGES. THE DATA ALLOW FOR ANALYSIS AT BOTH COUNTY AND CENSUS TRACT SCALES.