**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** THE LEGACY OF DISCRIMINATION IN RURAL AMERICAN ALONG WITH ITS PRESENT-DAY IMPLICIATIONS FOR DIVERSITY, EQUITY, AND INCLUSION (DEI), ARE UNDERSTUDIED. MOREOVER, DEI ISSUES HAVE FAILED TO ATTRACT PUBLIC ATTENTION BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT STANDARDLY TAUGHT - IN THE CLASSROOM AND IN EXTENSION - EVEN IN ESPECIALLY GERMANE FIELDS, INCLUDING AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, ECONOMICS, AND SOCIOLOGY. TO ADDRESS THIS LACK OF ATTENTION, OUR RESEARCH ASKS: (1) WHAT CAN BE DONE TO BETTER DOCUMENT THE IMPACT OF LAST-CENTURY RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN CONTEMPORARY RURAL AMERICA? (2) CAN IMPACTS OF DISCRIMINATION BE OBSERVED IN THE LIFE COURSE OF RURAL AMERICANS, AND ACROSS GENERATIONS? AND (3) HOW DO VARIOUS RURAL POLICIES AFFECT LONG RUN AND INTERGENERATIONAL ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND INEQUALITY?THIS PROJECT WILL LEVERAGE LONGITUDINAL FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE DATA TO DOCUMENT THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HISTORICAL DISCRIMINATORY FEDERAL PROGRAMS IN RURAL AREAS AND INEQUALITY OF RURAL OPPORTUNITY. THEN WE WILL CONDUCT CAUSAL EDUCATION POLICY ANALYSIS, EXAMINING THE LONG-TERM AND INTERGENERATIONAL EFFECTS ON RURAL OPPORTUNITY OF RURAL EDUCATION INVESTMENTS, INCLUDING ROSENWALD SCHOOLS (1930S), RURAL COMMUNITY COLLEGE OPENINGS (1970S), AND THE LAND GRANT CLASSIFICATION OF NATIVE AMERICAN-SERVING INSTITUTIONS (1994). SPECIFICALLY, WE DEFINE RURAL OPPORTUNITY AS MEASURES OF LABOR MARKET, MIGRATION, AND HEALTH OUTCOMES, FOR INDIVIDUALS BORN INTO RURAL AREAS.IN ADDITION TO THIS POWERFUL QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS, WE WILL INTEGRATE DIVERSE RURAL STAKEHOLDER FOCUS GROUPS TO INFORM THE RESEARCH AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODULAR EXTENSION AND EDUCATION MATERIALS WITH THE GOAL OF INTEGRATING TEACHING ON RURAL DEI AS A STANDARD FEATURE IN EXTENSION AND IN THE CLASSROOM.