** AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** DAIRY CATTLE TYPICALLY GROW HORNS, BUT THIS IS PREVENTED BY DISBUDDING YOUNG CALVES. WHILE DISBUDDING PREVENTS INJURY TO HUMANS AND OTHER ANIMALS, CALF WELFARE IS COMPROMISED BECAUSE OF THE ACUTE PAIN OF THE PROCEDURE, THE PAIN DURING THE MONTHS THESE WOUNDS TAKE TO HEAL, AND BECAUSE INSULTS EARLY IN LIFE CAN INCREASE PAIN SENSITIVITY AS ADULTS. DISBUDDING HAS RECEIVED CONSIDERABLE ATTENTION FROM THE DAIRY INDUSTRY AND RELEVANT STAKEHOLDERS. ALTHOUGH IT IS AN ISSUE OF CONCERN, IT IS ALSO AN AREA WHERE CHANGE HAS OCCURRED OVER THE LAST DECADE. THESE CHANGES INCLUDE GREATER USE OF SHORT-TERM PAIN RELIEF, A SHIFT IN METHODS FROM HOT-IRON TO CAUSTIC PASTE AND DISBUDDING AT YOUNGER AGES. THIS INDUSTRY RESPONSIVENESS INDICATES THAT THE TOPIC IS IMPORTANT AND RIPE FOR FURTHER INNOVATION. OUR OBJECTIVE IS TO ALLEVIATE BOTH ACUTE AND LONG-TERM PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH DISBUDDING WITH AN ETHANOL BLOCK OF THE CORNUAL NERVE AND TO GENERATE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE UNDERSTUDIED TOPIC OF CAUSTIC PASTE USE WITH CALVES. THIS WORK WILL GENERATE NOVEL AND MUCH-NEEDED INFORMATION ABOUT THE HEALING PROCESS FOLLOWING CAUSTIC PASTE APPLICATION AND, WE PREDICT, IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO ALLEVIATE THE ACUTE AND LONG-TERM PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH DISBUDDING WITH AN ETHANOL BLOCK THAT PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY NUMBS THE HORN REGION.