**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** GROUNDWATER IS A CRITICAL SUPPLY FOR IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE IN THE U.S. AND AROUND THE WORLD; HOWEVER, THE CHALLENGES ASSOCIATEDWITH MANAGING A RESOURCE THAT CAN NOT BE SEEN HAVE RESULTED IN INEFFICIENT, AND OFTEN UNSUSTAINABLE, USAGE. DECLININGGROUNDWATER LEVELS INCREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND FOR PUMPING AND THREATEN THE STABILITY OF THE FOOD PRODUCTION SYSTEMS THEYSUPPORT. STILL, GROUNDWATER IS ROUTINELY OVERSIMPLIFIED IN AGRICULTURAL FOOD, ENERGY AND WATER (FEW) SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. THIS LEAVESCURRENT APPROACHES BLIND TO THE SYNERGIES THAT CAN BE REALIZED WHEN GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION, CROP CHOICES AND ENERGY DEMANDARE MANAGED IN AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK. THE PROPOSED STUDY SEEKS TO ADDRESS SCIENTIFIC GAPS IN GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONSAND INTEGRATED MODELING, AND DEVELOP THE NEXT GENERATION TOOLS NEEDED TO FULLY INCORPORATE GROUNDWATER INTO FEW SYSTEMSANALYSIS. TO DO THIS WE WILL DEVELOP NEW TOOLS THAT QUANTITATIVELY CONNECT GROUNDWATER ECONOMICS, ENERGY CONSUMPTION ANDDECISION MAKING FROM FARMTO NATIONAL SCALES. THE PROJECT TEAM OF HYDROLOGISTS, ECONOMISTS, GEOGRAPHERS, ENGINEERS, ANDEDUCATION SPECIALISTS WILL COMBINE DISCIPLINARY EXPERTISE TO ADDRESS FOUR RESEARCH QUESTIONS. (1) HOW DOES THE PRESENCE OF WATERTRADING IMPACT FOOD PRODUCTION, ENERGY USE, AND GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABILITY AND WHAT INCENTIVE STRUCTURES LEAD TO THE BESTOUTCOMES? (2) CAN WE USE GLOBAL SATELLITE DATA TO INFORM HIGH RESOLUTION ESTIMATES OF TERRESTRIAL WATER STORAGECHANGES? (3) HOW DO REGIONAL INTERACTIONS INFLUENCE NATIONAL GROUNDWATER TRENDS? (4) HOW HAVE SCALAR DISPARITIES INGROUNDWATER SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT BEEN PRODUCED, AND HOW CAN MODELING HELP RECONCILE THESE DISCREPANCIES TO IMPROVEFEWS RESILIENCE AND SUSTAINABILITY?