**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** SUMMARY: TO MAXIMIZE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AN AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE WITH SOLAR, WE SEEK A PROCESS THAT 1) IDENTIFIES AREAS OF HIGH SOLAR POTENTIAL AND MINIMIZES OPPORTUNITY COST OF POTENTIAL CROP YIELDS AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND 2) MAXIMIZES THE POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS. TO ACHIEVE THIS, WE MUST FIRST ANSWER TWO PREREQUISITE QUESTIONS:WHERE SHOULD SOLAR BE PLACED?WHAT SHOULD BE PLANTED WITH SOLAR?THE POTENTIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS TO ENERGY PRODUCTION, CROP MANAGEMENT, SPECIES CONSERVATION AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICE PRODUCTION DEPEND ON KNOWING THE ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS.WITH THE ANSWER TO THESE QUESTIONS, WE WILL DEVELOP A FULL COST-BENEFIT ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORK WILL EXAMINE THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF CO-LOCATION OF SOLAR AND AGRICULTURE, THE ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF INVESTMENT AND OPPORTUNITY COSTS, THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE CO-BENEFITS, THE LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IMPLICATIONS OF INVESTMENT DECISIONS ON KEY AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR FOOD AND ENERGY PRODUCTION (FIGURE 2). WE WILL PARAMETERIZE CONTRIBUTIONS TO EACH OF THESE ECONOMIC AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICE CATEGORIES ARISING FROM A MENU OF CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AND HABITAT ENHANCEMENTS THAT WOULD BE PLANTED WITH SOLAR: GRAZING LANDS, BIOENERGY PRODUCTION, COMMODITY CROPS, AND WILDLIFE-FRIENDLY PLANTINGS SUPPORTING BIRDS AND POLLINATORS (OBJECTIVE 1). RESULTS WILL THEN BE AGGREGATED ACROSS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND COSTS PERTAINING TO FARMERS, RANCHERS, RURAL COMMUNITIES AND SOCIETY AT LARGE (OBJECTIVE 2). WE WILL THEN USE A MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION MODEL TO IDENTIFY SPATIAL COMBINATIONS OF SOLAR + PLANTING OPTIONS THAT MAXIMIZE PRIVATE AND SOCIAL RETURNS FROM THE LANDSCAPE IN TERMS OF ENERGY, ECONOMIC VALUE AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION (OBJECTIVE 3). THIS OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS WILL CONSIDER POLICY SCENARIOS THAT INTERNALIZE COSTS AND BENEFITS THAT ARE EXTERNAL TO THE LAND USE DECISION.