**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** THE GOAL OF THIS PROJECT IS TO DETERMINE HOW FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IMPACT THE BIODIVERSITY OF NATIVE BEE COMMUNITIES. THROUGHOUT WESTERN NORTH AMERICA FOREST ECOSYSTEMS ARE INTENSIVELY MANAGED BY MUNICIPAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL AGENCIES FOR MULTIPLE USE VALUES INCLUDING TIMBER PRODUCTION, WATERSHED PROTECTION, RECREATION, WILDLIFE HABITAT AND POPULATIONS, AND RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY. IN ADDITION TO THESE VALUES, THE CONCEPT OF 'ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION' HAS BECOME AN IMPORTANT PARADIGM IN FOREST MANAGEMENT. A CENTRAL GOAL OF ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION IS TO RESTORE KEY ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES TO THE LANDSCAPE; THIS OFTEN ENTAILS MODIFYING STRUCTURAL ATTRIBUTES OF DOMINANT VEGETATION TO MEET SOME DESIRED RANGE OF VARIABILITY. ALTHOUGH THESE PRACTICES ARE WIDESPREAD, THEIR IMPACTS ON NATIVE POLLINATOR COMMUNITIES HAVE BARELY BEEN INVESTIGATED, ESPECIALLY IN FOREST SYSTEMS. HOWEVER, RESTORATION-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT COULD HAVE DELETERIOUS OR BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON POLLINATOR COMMUNITIES, WITH CONSEQUENCES FOR IMPORTANT ECOSYSTEM SERVICES. ACCORDINGLY, UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON POLLINATORS IS CRUCIAL FOR DESIGNING CONSERVATION STRATEGIES THAT EFFECTIVELY MEET MULTIPLE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT GOALS AND LIMIT THE POTENTIAL FOR ECOLOGICAL HARM TO OCCUR. THIS STUDY WILL USE A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO QUANTIFY EFFECTS OF FOREST RESTORATION ON NATIVE BEE BIOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY, PLANT-POLLINATOR NETWORKS, POLLINATION SERVICES, AND BEE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN AN ECOSYSTEM TYPE (PONDEROSA PINE FOREST) THAT IS COMMONLY MANAGED FOR RESTORATION ACROSS THE WESTERN UNITED STATES.