**AWARDS ISSUED PRIOR TO JANUARY 20, 2025, WERE FUNDED UNDER PREVIOUS ADMINISTRATIONS AND MAY NOT REFLECT THE PRIORITIES AND POLICIES OF THE CURRENT ADMINISTRATION.** WORKING RANGELANDS ARE A PILLAR OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE AND A CRITICAL OPPORTUNITY FOR LONG-TERM, SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION. HOWEVER, MANAGING THESE AGROECOSYSTEMS IS NO TRIVIAL TASK, ESPECIALLY WHEN TRYING TO SIMULTANEOUSLY MAXIMIZE MULTIPLE SERVICES THEY CAN PROVIDE. THEREFORE, THERE IS A CRITICAL NEED TO INVESTIGATE, ASSESS, AND DEMONSTRATE SCIENTIFICALLY-BASED MANAGEMENT OPTIONS THAT SUSTAINABLY ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVTY WHILE CONSERVING REGIONAL BIODIVERSITY. WE PROPOSE TO IMPLEMENT AND ASSESS FOUR MANAGEMENT REGIMES THAT EACH DIFFER IN HOW THEY USE FIRE AND/OR GRAZING AS CRITICAL ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES. USING REPLICATED TREATMENTS AT A SCALE THAT IS RELEVANT TO LAND OWNERS, WE WILL ASSESS HOW A COMMON MANAGEMENT PRACICE COMPARES TO TREATMENTS THAT USE FIRE AND/OR GRAZING TO PROMOTE MORE VARIABLE HABITATS. THESE TREATMENTS INCLUDE PATCH-BURN GRAZING AND TWO NOVEL REGIMES WE DESIGNED TO SPECIFICALLY BENEFIT NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS RANGELANDS. OUR MOST IMPORTANT ASSESSMENT IS HOW EACH MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTION IN THE SHORT-TERM AND OVER TIME, BUT WE WILL ALSO QUANTIFY THE PLANT-POLLINATOR COMMUNITY TO HELP BETTER UNDERSTAND POLLINATOR SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION MORE BROADLY. OUR RESEARCH WILL ALSO MECHANISTICALLY INVESTIGATE HOW AND WHY EACH MANAGEMENT PRACTICE ULTIMATELY AFFECTS EACH ECOSYSTEM SERVICE. WE EXPECT THIS WORK WILL SUBSTANTIALLY IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW FIRE AND GRAZING DISTURBANCES IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS CAN MAXIMIZE RANGELAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES, WHILE USING THAT INFORMATION TO EVALUATE, DEMONSTRATE, AND ULTIMATELY HELP IMPROVE RANGELAND MANAGEMENT.