A GROWING NUMBER OF STUDIES ARE FINDING SURPRISINGLY STRONG LINKS BETWEEN FUNGICIDES AND WILD AND MANAGED BEE HEALTH. THESE STUDIES MIRROR CONCERN FROM COMMERCIAL BEEKEEPERS, WHO CONSISTENTLY SAY THAT MORE RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND RISK POSED FROM FUNGICIDE EXPOSURE DURING CROP POLLINATION. BECAUSE FUNGICIDES ARE RELATIVELY NON-TOXIC TO BEES, RISK IS GENERALLY DETERMINED TO BE LOW VIA CURRENT RISK QUOTIENT (RQ) MEASURES. HOWEVER, THE TWO DOMINANT HYPOTHESIZED MECHANISMS FOR HOW FUNGICIDES ARE IMPACTING BEES - SYNERGISMS WITH INSECTICIDES AND INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PARASITES - ARE NOT CURRENTLY ACCOUNTED FOR IN RQ ESTIMATES. FURTHERMORE, RISK IS RARELY CONSIDERED FOR MULTIPLE BEE SPECIES, EVEN THOUGH SPECIES-SPECIFIC RESPONSES ARE COMMON IN RESPONSE TO PESTICIDE AND PARASITE STRESS. HERE, WE PROPOSE A NEW FUNGICIDE RISK PROTOCOL THAT INCORPORATES FUNGICIDE-INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE-PARASITE INTERACTIONS, THEN APPLY IT DURING POLLINATION OF APPLE, A MAJOR POLLINATION-DEPENDENT CROP IN THE UNITED STATES. WE WILL GATHER PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND PARASITE PREVALENCE DATA FROM 3 MANAGED BEE SPECIES AND 10 FOCAL TAXA OF WILD BEES ACROSS 20 COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARDS. BASED ON EXPOSURE AND PREVALENCE, WE WILL THEN CONDUCT FUNGICIDE-INSECTICIDE AND FUNGICIDE-PARASITE BIOASSAYS TO MEASURE POTENTIAL EFFECTS WITH 6 SPECIES OF WILD AND MANAGED BEES. THESE EXPOSURE AND EFFECT DATA WILL PRODUCE, TO OUR KNOWLEDGE, THE BROADEST FUNGICIDE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR POLLINATORS TO DATE. FINALLY, FOR HIGH-RISK FUNGICIDES, WE WILL ASSESS THE EFFICACY OF MULTIPLE RISK MITIGATION STRATEGIES, THEREBY EVALUATING STRATEGIES TO INCREASE POLLINATOR HEALTH. SUCH STRATEGIES WILL PROVIDE LONG-RANGE IMPROVEMENT IN AND SUSTAINABILITY OF U.S. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SYSTEMS.