IN THE UNITED STATES, MORE THAN HALF OF PRIMARY CROP SPECIES AND 20% OF PRIMARY CROP PRODUCTION RELY IN PART ON ANIMAL POLLINATION, MOST OF WHICH IS PROVIDED BY BEES. THESE POLLINATOR-DEPENDENT CROPS--MOSTLY FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND NUTS--TEND TO BE HIGH-VALUED, HIGH-NUTRITION FOOD AND SHORTAGES IN THE AVAILABILITY OF POLLINATION SERVICES COULD BE DEVASTATING FROM BOTH NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES. RECENT DECLINES IN BOTH MANAGED AND WILD POLLINATORS HAVE BEEN ATTRIBUTED IN PART TO HABITAT LOSS AND PESTICIDE EXPOSURE. IN ADDITION TO GENERAL LAND-COVER CHANGE ACROSS THE U.S., SUBSTANTIAL MANAGED-BEE SUMMER "PASTURE" IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS HAS RECENTLY BEEN CONVERTED TO CROPLAND. AT THE SAME TIME, NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDES ('NEONICS'), HAVE BEEN IMPLICATED IN SUDDEN DIE-OFFS OF MANAGED BEES AND LONG-TERM DECLINES IN WILD BEE POPULATIONS. IN PARTICULAR, NEONICS HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE POLLEN AND NECTAR OF CROPS AS WELL AS THE FLORA IN ADJACENT BUFFER STRIPS, AND NEONICS CAN REMAIN IN SOIL FOR SEVERAL YEARS THREATENING GROUND-NESTING POLLINATORS.GROWERS OF POLLINATOR-DEPENDENT CROPS ARE THUS CONFRONTED WITH POTENTIAL ON-FARM TRADEOFFS BETWEEN EFFECTIVE PEST CONTROL AND SUCCESSFUL POLLINATION AND THEIR DECISION MAKING IS FURTHER COMPLICATED BECAUSE POLLINATORS AND PESTICIDES OFTEN CROSS PROPERTY BOUNDARIES. FARMERS DIFFER IN THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF BOTH THE POLLINATION SERVICES PROVIDED BY INSECTS AS WELL AS IMPACTS OF NEONIC EXPOSURE ON SUCH SERVICES. THEY ALSO DIFFER IN THEIR WILLINGNESS TO ADJUST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES TO ADDRESS THESE IMPACTS, AND THESE DIFFERENCES LIKELY DEPEND ON THE PARTICULAR CROPSCAPE (I.E., THE LAND-USE PATTERNS AND SPECIFIC CROPS GROWN) WITHIN WHICH THE FARMER OPERATES. THIS RESEARCH PROJECT WILL FIRST DEVELOP AN INTEGRATED POLLINATOR-PESTICIDE CROPSCAPE TYPOLOGY THAT PLACES EACH COUNTY IN THE CONTINENTAL U.S. ALONG A POLLINATOR RISK-REWARD GRADIENT. BROADLY SPEAKING, POLLINATOR RISK COMES FROM LANDSCAPES WITH HIGH PESTICIDE USE AND LOW POLLINATOR HABITAT NEAR OR ADJACENT TO POLLINATOR-DEPENDENT CROPLAND WHILE POLLINATOR REWARD COMES FROM LANDSCAPES WITH LOW (OR MITIGATED) PESTICIDE USE AND HIGH POLLINATOR HABITAT. THE RESEARCH WILL THEN CONDUCT GROWER SURVEYS IN SELECT CROPSCAPES TO ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS: (I) HOW AWARE ARE GROWERS OF THE DIFFERENT PATHWAYS THROUGH WHICH POLLINATORS ARE EXPOSED TO NEONICS? (II) WILL PROVISIONING OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE DAMAGES OF NEONICS AND THE BENEFITS OF POLLINATOR HABITAT OFFER ENOUGH PRIVATE INCENTIVE FOR GROWERS TO CHANGE THEIR MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OR ARE ADDITIONAL POLICIES OR PROGRAMS, SUCH AS PAYMENTS FOR HABITAT CONSERVATION OR PESTICIDE ABATEMENT, WARRANTED? (III) HOW DO DIFFERENCES AMONG GROWERS AND CROPSCAPES VARY ACROSS THE U.S. AND HOW CAN WE USE THIS INFORMATION TO GUIDE TARGETING OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL POLLINATOR CONSERVATION PROGRAMS? ULTIMATELY, THE RESEARCH WILL IDENTIFY WHICH CONSERVATION STRATEGY (I.E., COMBINATION OF POLLINATOR HABITAT PROVISIONING AND PESTICIDE DRIFT ABATEMENT) IS BEST SUITED FOR EACH CROPSCAPE TYPE AND WILL GUIDE POLLINATOR CONSERVATION PROGRAM TARGETING BASED ON BOTH POLLINATOR REWARDS AND POLLINATOR RISKS.