AEROSOLS ARE A UBIQUITOUS FEATURE OF EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES SOMETIMES OBSCURING THE SPECTRAL DETERMINATION OF ATMOSPHERIC GAS COMPOSITION. AEROSOL COMPOSITION IS USUALLY DETERMINED FROM MODELS OF NUCLEATION RATE FOR CONDENSABLE SPECIES IN AN ATMOSPHERIC OF A GIVEN COMPOSITION. FOR HOT JUPITERS CONDENSABLE SPECIES INCLUDE VARIOUS SILICATES SULFIDES AND OTHER HIGH TEMPERATURE CONDENSATES. FOR LOWER TEMPERATURE OBJECTS SUCH AS WARM NEPTUNES AND SUPER EARTHS PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF AEROSOL PARTICLES IS PREDICTED.TO BE DOMINANT. BECAUSE IT IS NOT YET POSSIBLE TO DEFINITIVELY DETERMINE AEROSOL COMPOSITION THROUGH ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS IT IS IMPORTANT TO MODEL AEROSOL PRODUCTION AS ACCURATELY AS POSSIBLE. A KEY FACTOR IN THE DETERMINATION OF NUCLEATION RATE IS THE SURFACE ENERGY OF THE NUCLEATING MATERIAL. HIGH SURFACE ENERGY MATERIALS SUCH AS FORSTERITE WILL NUCLEATE MUCH MORE SLOWLY COMPARED TO LOWER SURFACE ENERGY MATERIALS SUCH AS SULFIDES. HERE WE PROPOSE TO MEASURE SURFACE ENERGIES FOR SEVERAL IMPORTANT AND LIKELY EXOPLANET.CONDENSATES INCLUDING ZNS MNS NA2S (SODIUM SULFIDE) ENSTATITE AND SPINEL. SURFACE ENERGIES WILL BE DETERMINED BY SYNTHESIZING NANOPARTICLES AND MICRON-SIZED PARTICLES OF THE COMPOUND OF INTEREST AND THEN USING CALORIMETRIC TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE THE EXCESS ENTHALPY AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SURFACE AREA. FROM THESE DATA AN ACCURATE SURFACE ENERGY IS DETERMINED FOR BOTH HYDROUS AND ANHYDROUS PHASES. THE SYNTHESIS AND CALORIMETRY WILL BE CARRIED OUT IN THE NAVROTSKY LABORATORY AT ASU. THIS NEW SURFACE ENERGY DATA TOGETHER WITH THE EXISTING SURFACE ENERGY DATA THAT HAS UP TO NOW BEEN NOT UTILIZED BY THE EXOPLANET COMMUNITY WILL BE INCLUDED.IN NUCLEATION RATE CALCULATIONS FOR HOT JUPITERS. FINALLY WE WILL USE THE COMMUNITY AEROSOL AND RADIATIVE MODEL FOR ATMOSPHERES (CARMA ) CODE TO CALCULATE PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND RADIATIVE TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF NUCLEATING AEROSOLS FOR REPRESENTATIVE HOT JUPITER ATMOSPHERES. THE PROPOSED RESEARCH SUPPORTS THE EXOPLANET RESEARCH PROGRAM (XRP) WITH RESPECT TO INTERPRETATION OF OBSERVATIONS OF EXOPLANETS AND IN PARTICULAR OUR RESEARCH PROVIDES LABORATORY DATA OF HIGH RELEVANCE TO A BROAD RANGE OF EXOPLANET ATMOSPHERES.
$150,000FY2022National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
Arizona State University, Scottsdale AZ