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WE PROPOSE TO EXPLORE THE EXTENT TO WHICH PHOTOMETRIC EFFECTS CAN ACCOUNT FOR THE TIME-OF-DAY AND LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS OBSERVED IN ULTRAVIOLET AND INFRARED REFLECTANCE SIGNATURES OF WATER ON THE SURFACE OF THE ILLUMINATED MOON. SPECIFICALLY WE WILL EXPLORE THE ISSUE OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER AT UV AND IR WAVELENGTHS THAT OCCURS THROUGH AND BETWEEN SILICATE PARTICLES COATED WITH A HIGHLY ABSORBING MEDIUM SUCH AS OH/H2O OR NANOPHASE OPAQUE MINERALS I.E. SPACE-WEATHERING RINDS. THE ABSORPTION FEATURE NEAR 2.8 UM IN REFLECTANCE SPECTRA OF THE SOLAR ILLUMINATED SURFACE OF THE MOON HAS BEEN OBSERVED TO VARY WITH TIME OF DAY IN THE EQUATORIAL AND MID-LATITUDES AND AT HIGHER LATITUDES TO BE STABLE BUT ALSO DEEPER THAN IS OBSERVED AT EQUATORIAL LATITUDES. THIS DIURNAL VARIATION IN THE DEPTH OF THE "3-UM BAND" HAS BEEN POSTULATED TO BE INDICATIVE OF THE FORMATION OF WATER (EITHER OH OR H2O) BY SOLAR-WIND IMPLANTATION LOSS BY THERMAL PROCESSES AND REJUVENATION AGAIN BY SOLAR WIND FROM MORNING TO NOON TO EVENING (FIGURE 1). SIMILARLY A DIURNAL VARIATION IN A UV SIGNATURE AT ~165 NM HAS BEEN OBSERVED AND A SIMILAR MECHANISM PROPOSED. THE STRONGER 2.8-UM BAND AT HIGHER LATITUDES HAS BEEN PROPOSED TO BE THE RESULT OF GREATER ACCUMULATION WITHOUT THERMAL LOSS (BECAUSE OF THE COOLER TEMPERATURES). WE POSTULATE THAT BOTH THE DIURNAL VARIATION IN THE UV AND IR AND THE INCREASING BAND DEPTH WITH HIGHER LATITUDES IN THE IR MAY BE LARGELY OR ENTIRELY AN APPARENT EFFECT DUE TO CHANGES IN THE ANGLE OF INCIDENT ILLUMINATION WITH TIME OF DAY AND WITH LATITUDE. THE PHOTOMETRIC MODELING OF LAYERED REGOLITH PARTICLES IS NOT ADDRESSED THROUGH CURRENT PHOTOMETRIC CORRECTIONS. WE APPROACH TESTING THIS HYPOTHESIS WITH TWO INDEPENDENT AND COMPLEMENTARY METHODS. FIRST WE WILL USE HAPKE SPECTRAL MODELING OF SILICATE PARTICLES WITH OH/H2O COATINGS TO THEORETICALLY TEST A PHOTOMETRIC EXPLANATION FOR THE OBSERVED VARIATIONS IN THESE UV AND IR SPECTRAL FEATURES WITH TIME OF DAY AND LATITUDE. SECOND WE WILL CONDUCT LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN WHICH DEUTERONS (SIMULATED SOLAR WIND) WILL BE IMPLANTED IN SILICATE REGOLITH ANALOGS OVER A RELEVANT RANGE OF TEMPERATURES AND TOTAL FLUENCES COUPLED WITH CONCURRENT UV AND INFRARED REFLECTANCE MEASUREMENTS TO CONSTRAIN THE RATE OF SPECTRAL FEATURE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION TO DIRECTLY TEST THE HYPOTHESIS OF BAND FORMATION LOSS AND REJUVENATION BY THE SOLAR WIND.

$450,210FY2021National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA

The Johns Hopkins University

Investigators

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