ASTRONOMERS GENERALLY BELIEVE THAT THE MILKY WAY IS A SPIRAL GALAXY BUT THERE ARE STILL ARGUMENTS OVER ITS MAJOR STRUCTURAL FEATURES (E.G. ARMS SPURS) AND EVEN LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT THE LOCATION OF THESE FEATURES IN 4D (3D POSITION + 1D VELOCITY) SPACE. A WIDE VARIETY OF APPROACHES TO MAPPING THE STRUCTURE OF THE MILKY WAY FROM WITHIN IT HAVE BEEN TAKEN. MANY STUDIES MAKE USE OF KINEMATIC DISTANCES WHICH RELY ON THE ASSUMPTION OF CIRCULAR ROTATION IN THE GALAXY. STREAMING MOTIONS AND ASYMMETRIES IN THE GALAXY MAKE CIRCULAR ROTATION A POOR APPROXIMATION SO KINEMATIC DISTANCES CAN BE VERY INACCURATE. OTHER STUDIES ATTEMPT TO USE PARALLAX MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED FROM VLBI OBSERVATIONS OF MASERS OR HIGH-PRECISION OPTICAL ASTROMETRY FOR STARS (E.G. GAIA). MORE RECENTLY 3D EXTINCTION MAPPING DERIVED FROM LARGE-SCALE OPTICAL AND NEAR-INFRARED SURVEYS HAS SHOWN PROMISE FOR CHARTING GALACTIC STRUCTURE AS TRACED BY DUST PRODUCING DISTANCES TO LOCAL MOLECULAR CLOUDS THAT RIVAL THE ACCURACY OF MASER PARALLAXES IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD. WHILE MANY MODELS BASED ON STARS GAS OR DUST EXIST IN THE LITERATURE THE TECHNIQUES USED TO MAKE THEM OFTEN LEAD TO DISCREPANT RESULTS AND NO MODERN ATTEMPT HAS BEEN MADE TO IDENTIFY MAJOR STRUCTURAL FEATURES BASED ON AN INTEGRATED STATISTICAL MODEL OF THE GALAXY S STARS GAS AND DUST. USING A NEWLY INVENTED TECHNIQUE TO KNIT TOGETHER GAS (POSITION-POSITION-VELOCITY) AND DUST (POSITION-POSITION-POSITION) OBSERVATIONS OF MOLECULAR CLOUDS -- AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE KINEMATIC DISTANCE APPROACH -- THIS PROJECT WILL EMPLOY A NEW OPEN-SOURCE PYTHON PACKAGE CALLED BRUTUS TO SELF-CONSISTENTLY GENERATE THE DATA PRODUCTS REQUIRED TO PRODUCE THIS INTEGRATED MODEL OF THE GALAXY S STARS GAS AND DUST. FIRST BRUTUS WILL BE USED TO INFER THE DISTANCE AND REDDENING TO 2 BILLION STARS IN THE GALACTIC PLANE BASED ON THE INCORPORATION OF DEEPER INFRARED PHOTOMETRY FROM THE SPITZER GLIMPSE AND WISE SURVEYS. THESE DISTANCE AND REDDENING MEASUREMENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL STARS WILL BE USED TO INFER THE FULL 3D DISTRIBUTION OF DUST IN THE GALACTIC PLANE ADOPTING A DUST MODEL WITH THE DISTANCE RESOLUTION NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY MAJOR SPIRAL FEATURES. AND FINALLY THE DUST-BASED DISTANCES WILL BE KNITTED ON TO THE MAJOR CO MOLECULAR CLOUDS THAT KINEMATICALLY TRACE GALACTIC STRUCTURE THEREBY PRODUCING RELIABLE DISTANCES AND VELOCITIES TO THE MOST MASSIVE MOLECULAR CLOUDS IN THE MILKY WAY. ANCILLARY SCIENCE PRODUCTS INCLUDE STELLAR TYPES (E.G. AGE METALLICITY INITIAL MASS) AND IMPROVED CHARACTERIZATION OF THE REDDENING CURVE ALL OF WHICH WILL BE INCORPORATED INTO THE MAST DATA ARCHIVE. ALL CODE WILL BE MADE PUBLIC ON GITHUB ALONG WITH NOTEBOOKS DEMONSTRATING ITS USE. USING NASA-FUNDED VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE (GLUE) THE DATA PRODUCTS CREATED UNDER THIS GRANT WILL BE COMBINED TO PRODUCE AND EXPLORE THE FIRST INTEGRATED 3D VISUALIZATION OF THE MILKY WAY S STARS GAS AND DUST. THE WEALTH OF ANCILLARY DATASETS RELATED TO GALACTIC STRUCTURE (E.G. GAIA HII REGIONS MASERS SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEYS) WILL BE USED TO CONTEXTUALIZE THE RESULTS DERIVED FROM THE GLIMPSE AND WISE PHOTOMETRY. WHEN COMPLETE THIS PROJECT WILL ALSO CREATE THE MOST RELIABLE 4D (POSITION-POSITION-POSITION-VELOCITY) TRACKS OF SPIRAL FEATURES TO DATE ALLOWING RESEARCHERS TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN COMPETING VIEWS OF THE MILKY WAY S SPIRAL STRUCTURE AND TO REVISE AND OR/SUGGEST NEW FEATURES.
$461,785FY2021National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
President And Fellows Of Harvard College