THE EARTH S BOW SHOCK IS A NATURAL LABORATORY TO PROBE THE MICROPHYSICS OF SUPERCRITICAL COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS TYPICAL OF PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES HELIOSPHERE AND VARIOUS ASTROPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS INCLUDING FOR EXAMPLE GALAXY CLUSTERS AND SUPERNOVAE REMNANTS. THE CRITICAL PROBLEM IN THE PHYSICS OF COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS CONCERNS THE ORIGIN AND EFFECTS ON PARTICLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC AND ELECTROSTATIC

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