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MEASURING THE OCCURRENCE RATE OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS IS ONE OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL CONSTRAINTS ON OUR UNDERSTANDING OF PLANETS THROUGHOUT THE GALAXY. BY STUDYING PLANET POPULATIONS ACROSS A WIDE PARAMETER SPACE IN STELLAR AGE TYPE METALLICITY AND MULTIPLICITY WE CAN INFORM PLANET FORMATION MIGRATION AND EVOLUTION THEORIES. THE GROUND-BASED ELTS AND THE FLAGSHIP SPACE MISSIONS THAT NASA IS PLANNING IN THE NEXT DECADES AND BEYOND WILL BE DESIGNED TO MAKE THE FIRST OBSERVATIONS OF POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF EXTRASOLAR PLANETS UNDERSTANDING HOW COMMON THESE PLANETS AND HOW THEY ARE DISTRIBUTED WILL BE CRUCIAL FOR THIS EFFORT. ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS OF THE MAIN KEPLER MISSION WAS A MEASUREMENT OF THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETS ORBITING FGK DWARFS. ALTHOUGH THAT RESULT IS CRUCIAL FOR ESTIMATING THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS ORBITING MIDDLE-AGED SUN-LIKE STARS THE MAJORITY OF STARS IN THE GALAXY HAVE LOWER MASSES. WE PROPOSE TO EXTEND THE KEPLER OCCURRENCE RATES TO LOWER STELLAR MASSES BY USING PUBLICLY AVAILABLE DATA FROM THE SECOND-GENERATION K2 MISSION TO ESTIMATE THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETS ORBITING LOW-MASS STARS. THE CONFLUENCE OF THE LOWER TEMPERATURE SMALLER SIZE AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF M DWARFS MAKES THEM ATTRACTIVE AND EFFICIENT TARGETS FOR HABITABLE PLANET DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION. THE ARCHIVED K2 DATA CONTAIN NEARLY AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE MORE M DWARFS THAN THE ORIGINAL KEPLER DATA SET (~30 000 COMPARED TO ~3700) ALLOWING US TO CONSTRAIN OCCURRENCE RATES BOTH MORE PRECISELY AND WITH MORE GRANULARITY ACROSS THE M DWARF PARAMETER RANGE.WE WILL ALSO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE WIDE VARIETY OF STELLAR ENVIRONMENTS SAMPLED BY THE COMMUNITY-DRIVEN K2 MISSION TO ESTIMATE THE FREQUENCY OF PLANETS ORBITING STARS WITH A RANGE OF METALLICITIES AND AGES. THE K2 MISSION HAS OBSERVED SEVERAL CLUSTERS ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF AGES INCLUDING THE UPPER SCORPIUS OB ASSOCIATION (10MY OLD) THE PLEIADES CLUSTER (115MY OLD) AND THE HYADES AND PRAESEPE CLUSTERS (600MY OLD). ONE GOAL OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO PINPOINT WHEN AND IF THE PLANET OCCURRENCE RATE CONVERGES WITH THAT OF THE KEPLER FIELD WHOSE STARS HAVE A MEDIAN AGE OF ~4GY. THIS WILL INFORM THE TIMESCALES OF THE DOMINANT FORMATION AND MIGRATION MECHANISMS AND IMPROVE OUR ABILITY TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN COMPETING PROPOSED THEORIES. THE PROPOSED WORK ENCOMPASSES THE FOLLOWING TASKS: (1) GENERATING AND PUBLISHING A UNIFORM REPEATABLE ROBUST CATALOGUE OF PLANET CANDIDATES USING THE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE K2 DATA COMPRISING THE FIRST 33 MONTHS OF OBSERVATIONS; (2) MEASURING THE COMPLETENESS (FALSE NEGATIVE RATE) AND RELIABILITY (FALSE POSITIVE RATE) OF THE RESULTING CANDIDATE CATALOGUE; (3) SYSTEMATICALLY AND ACCURATELY CHARACTERIZING THE PROPERTIES OF THE STELLAR SAMPLE (BOTH EXOPLANET HOSTS AND NON-HOSTS); (4) CALCULATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE UNDERLYING PLANET POPULATION ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF STELLAR HOST PARAMETERS. THE PROPOSED WORK IS RELEVANT TO SEVERAL OF NASA S STRATEGIC GOALS INCLUDING ASCERTAINING THE CONTENT ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE POTENTIAL FOR LIFE ELSEWHERE AND DISCOVERING HOW THE UNIVERSE WORKS EXPLORING HOW IT BEGAN AND EVOLVED AND SEARCHING FOR LIFE ON PLANETS AROUND OTHER STARS . WITH RESPECT TO THE ASTROPHYSICS DATA ANALYSIS PROGRAM CALL THE PROPOSED WORK BUILDS ON THE LEGACY OF KEPLER OCCURRENCE RATE CALCULATIONS BY PLACING THEM IN THE WIDER CONTEXT AFFORDED BY THE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE K2 DATA.

$632,890FY2020National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA

California Institute Of Technology, Pasadena CA

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