SHOCK METAMORPHISM IN METEORITES RECORDS THE CONDITIONS OF PLANETARY IMPACTS THE RESETTING OF ISOTOPE GEOCHRONOMETERS AND THE DYNAMICS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. FELDSPAR IS ABUNDANT IN ORDINARY CHONDRITES AND MARTIAN METEORITES AND RECORDS SHOCK EVENTS THROUGH SEVERAL TRANSITIONS THAT ARE USED TO DEFINE PRESSURE (P) AND TEMPERATURE (T) FOR IMPACTS ON ASTEROIDS AND MARS. SHOCK EXPERIMENTS ON FELDSPAR THAT REPRODUCE THE OBSERVED SHOCK EFFECTS IN METEORITES ARE THE BASIS OF ATTEMPTS TO CALIBRATE THE PRESSURE SCALE. HOWEVER CHALLENGES ASSOCIATED WITH THESE EXPERIMENTS HAVE LEFT LINGERING QUESTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES OF INTERPRETATION: 1) LABORATORY SHOCKS HAVE NOT YET RECOVERED MANY HIGH-PRESSURE (HP) PHASES FORMED BY TRANSFORMATION OF NATURALLY SHOCKED FELDSPAR INCLUDING JADEITE TISSINTITE LINGUNITE AND CAS/HAS. THIS IS LIKELY BECAUSE CLASSIC EXPERIMENTS ON MONOMINERALIC OR HOMOGENEOUS ROCK TARGETS DO NOT SAMPLE THE SAME P-T PATH AS NATURAL SHOCKS INTO POROUS REGOLITH TARGETS. 2) SHOCK EXPERIMENTS ON FELDSPAR AND BASALTS WERE MOSTLY DONE BEFORE 1990 WHEREAS IN-SITU NANO-ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES (FE-SEM EBSD AND FIB-TEM) HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED SINCE THEN. MANY NEW SHOCK-INDUCED MINERALS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED BY NANO-SCALE STUDY OF METEORITES RECENTLY SUGGESTING THAT SHOCK RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS ALSO NEED TO BE REVISITED WITH MODERN ANALYTICAL TOOLS. 3) PRESSURE THRESHOLDS FOR EFFECTS SUCH AS PLANAR DEFORMATION FEATURES (PDF) AND MASKELYNIZATION ARE BASED MOSTLY ON EXPERIMENTS WITH MONOMINERALIC TARGETS. DIFFERENCES IN STARTING MATERIAL AND HENCE P-T PATH BETWEEN THE LAB AND NATURAL SHOCKS LIMIT THE ACCURACY OF PRESSURE CALIBRATION AND INDEED OUR PRELIMINARY SHOTS ON POROUS BASALT TARGETS REVEAL MASKELYNIZATION WELL BELOW THE NOMINAL THRESHOLD PRESSURE FOR THIS TRANSITION. ALTHOUGH SHOCK DURATION REMAINS A KEY LIMITATION OF LAB SHOCKS WE PROPOSE TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS WITH A SEQUENCE OF 12 NOVEL EXPERIMENTS TO ACHIEVE P-T PATHS MORE COMPARABLE TO THOSE OF NATURAL SHOCKS. THE EXPERIMENTS TO BE EXTENSIVELY CHARACTERIZED AT NANO-SCALE WILL EXPLORE THE LIBRARY OF HP PHASES AFTER FELDSPAR AND PROVIDE MORE ACCURATE PRESSURE CALIBRATION FOR PROGRESSIVE SHOCK EFFECTS: 1) GRADED DENSITY IMPACTORS PROVIDE FAST BUT COLD COMPRESSION PATHS CLOSE TO THE ISENTROPE A COMPRESSION METHOD NOT YET APPLIED TO RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS. HAVING A SHOCK PULSE LONGER THAN THE THERMAL PULSE PREVENTS POST-SHOCK ANNEALING AND PROMOTES RECOVERY OF HP PHASES. COMPRESSION WITH MINIMAL IRREVERSIBLE HEATING IS ONE PATH TO ACHIEVING QUENCH BY RECOVERING MATERIAL DIRECTLY TO AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. 2) SAMPLES WITH MACHINED PORES CREATE LOCAL HOT SPOTS BY PORE COLLAPSE DURING SHOCK. THE HOT SPOT MAY BE NECESSARY TO ENHANCE DIFFUSION ENCOURAGE PARTIAL MELTING AND CATALYZE HP TRANSFORMATIONS. THE SMALL SIZE OF THE HOT SPOT ENCOURAGES QUENCH BY CONDUCTION INTO SURROUNDING COLDER MATERIAL. 3) OBLIQUE IMPACTS IN WHICH DIFFERENT PARTICLE VELOCITIES ACROSS MATERIAL INTERFACES INDUCE DYNAMIC SLIDING AND SHEAR. DEVIATORIC STRESS DURING SHOCK CAN CHANGE TRANSFORMATION PRESSURES AND MANY NATURAL HP MINERALS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH SHEAR VEINS IN METEORITES. 4) MARTIAN ANALOGUE ROCKS WITH VARIABLE POROSITY DIFFER FROM FULLY DENSE SAMPLES AND HOMOGENEOUS ROCK POWDERS. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS ON BASALT YIELD MASKELYNITE AT LOWER P THAN IN SINGLE CRYSTAL OR POWDER EXPERIMENTS. THE PROPOSED EXPERIMENTS WILL CONFIRM THE SHOCK ORIGIN OF OBSERVED HP MINERALS FROM FELDSPAR IN METEORITES AND PROVIDE MORE ACCURATE PRESSURE CALIBRATION. THE EXPERIMENTS ARE LIKELY ALSO TO REVEAL SHOCK EFFECTS IN OTHER ROCK-FORMING MINERALS AND TERRESTRIAL IMPACT STRUCTURES. THE NEW CALIBRATION RESULTS WILL BE USED TO PROVIDE A P-T SCHEMATIC FOR PROGRESSIVE SHOCK EFFECTS IN CHONDRITES AND MARTIAN METEORITES FOR BETTER INTERPRETING THEIR GEOCHRONOLOGY AND BETTER CONSTRAINING PARAMETERS OF IMPACTS ON ASTEROIDS AND MARS BOTH SUBJECTS OF DIRECT RELEVANCE TO THE SCOPE OF SOLAR SYSTEM WORKINGS.
$292,094FY2020National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
California Institute Of Technology, Pasadena CA