THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROPOSAL IS TO PIONEER A NEW COMPUTATIONAL TOOL THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD FOR SIMULATING CONDENSED NUCLEAR MATTER IN THE NEUTRON STAR INNER CRUST. THIS WILL BE USED TO STUDY THE PROPERTIES OF THE NUCLEAR "PASTA" PHASES PREDICTED TO EXIST AT THE CRUST-CORE INTERFACE OVER SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER VOLUMES THAN THE CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART CALCULATIONS. THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD HAS BEEN USED EXTENSIVELY TO STUDY SOFT CONDENSED MATTER MATERIALS ON EARTH; THIS WILL BE THE FIRST TIME IT HAS BEEN APPLIED TO STUDY A NUCLEAR ASTROMATERIAL AND WILL RESULT IN MORE ROBUST PHYSICAL PREDICTIONS FOR THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF THE DEEP LAYERS OF THE NEUTRON STAR CRUST. X-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF A NUMBER OF NEUTRON STAR PHENOMENA MAY BEAR THE IMPRINT OF THE MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF THESE EXOTIC PHASES AND NASA'S RECENTLY-LAUNCHED NEUTRON STAR INTERIOR COMPOSITION EXPLORER (NICER) HAS A STATED AIM OF MEASURING THOSE PROPERTIES IN THE CRUST. THE PROJECT HAS THE FOLLOWING SPECIFIC GOALS: 1. IMPLEMENT FOR THE FIRST TIME THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN COMPUTATIONAL METHOD TO SIMULATE A COMPLEX NUCLEAR FLUID UNDER THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS MANIFEST AT THE BASE OF A NEUTRON STAR CRUST AND THE FIRST 2D AND 3D MESOSCOPIC SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEAR PASTA THERE. IMPLEMENTATION AND VALIDATION OF THE CODE WILL BE CONDUCTED BY COMPARING THE RESULTING PHENOMENOLOGY WITH THE RESULTS OF SIMULATIONS OF ANALOGOUS TERRESTRIAL SOFT MATTER SIMULATIONS USING THE LB METHOD AS WELL AS EXISTING CLASSICAL MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND QUANTUM MECHANICAL SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEAR PASTA. 2. CONDUCT THE FIRST MESOSCALE CALCULATIONS OF THE SHEAR MODULUS BREAKING STRAIN VISCOSITY AND THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITIES OF NUCLEAR PASTA UNDER NEUTRON STAR CRUST CONDITIONS WITH AND WITHOUT STRONG CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS. SUCH CALCULATIONS WILL FOR THE FIRST TIME SELF-CONSISTENTLY ACCOUNT FOR THE AFFECT OF DISORDER ARISING FROM COEXISTING PHASES AND DEFECTS IN THE PASTA STRUCTURES SIMULTANEOUSLY. THE DEPENDENCE ON THE NUCLEAR EQUATION OF STATE WILL BE SELF-CONSISTENTLY EXAMINED AND THE MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES PUBLISHED ALONGSIDE THEIR RESPECTIVE EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR SELF-CONSISTENT INCORPORATION INTO ASTROPHYSICAL SIMULATIONS. THIS WILL RESULT IN MORE ROBUST AND PHYSICALLY GROUNDED PREDICTIONS FOR A NUMBER OF OBSERVABLES. 3. EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF THE NEWLY CALCULATED MECHANICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES ON THE FOLLOWING ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVABLES OF PARTICULAR RELEVANCE TO NASA'S PAST CURRENT AND FUTURE X-RAY AND GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE OBSERVATORIES: (I) THE FREQUENCY OF QUASIPERIODIC OSCILLATIONS IN THE CRUST OF HIGHLY MAGNETIZED NEUTRON STARS POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE IN THE X-RAY TAILS OF GAMMA-RAY FLARES (II) THE FREQUENCY AND DAMPING OF ROTATIONALLY-EXCITED R-MODES POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE AS MODULATIONS IN THE X-RAY LIGHT CURVES OF QUIESCENT NEUTRON STARS AND INDIRECTLY IN THE SPIN-DISTRIBUTION OF RECYCLED X-RAY PULSARS; (III) THE CRUST-COOLING TIMESCALE PROBED BY XRAY MEASUREMENTS OF ACCRETING NEUTRON STARS IN QUIESCENCE AND (IV) THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF MOUNTAINS SUPPORTED BY THE CRUST POTENTIALLY OBSERVABLE IN THE RESULTING PERSISTENT GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SIGNAL. 4. EXPLORE FUTURE ASTROPHYSICAL APPLICATIONS OF THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD. PARTICULARLY THE USE OF THE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD TO SIMULATE SUPERFLUID FLOW AND THE MOTION OF VORTICES IN THE PASTA PHASES OF HIGH IMPORTANCE TO THE MODELING AND INTERPRETATION OF PULSAR GLITCHES WILL BE EXAMINED.
$356,860FY2020National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
East Texas A&M University, Commerce TX