THE PROPOSED RESEARCH AIMS TO TAKE A GREAT LEAP BEYOND THE CURRENT LITHIUM BATTERY TECHNOLOGY BY DEVELOPING GROUNDBREAKING HIGHENERGY AND LOW-COST SEMI-SOLID SODIUM (NA) PRIMARY AND RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES THAT WILL OPERATE AT EXTREME COLD TEMPERATURES (BELOW -40 DEGREES CELSIUS) AND EXHIBIT HIGH SPECIFIC ENERGY (HIGHER THAN 300 WH/KG AT CELL LEVEL) EXCELLENT RATE CAPABILITY AND MANY-YEAR LIFETIMES. THESE BATTERIES WILL CONSIST OF LOW-COST NA METAL AS ANODE HIGH-CAPACITY LIQUID OR GAS AS CATHODE AND ORGANIC SOLVENT WITH LOW FREEZING POINT AS ELECTROLYTE THUS FORMING UNIQUE SEMI-SOLID NA-LIQUID OR NA-GAS BATTERIES. THE EMPLOYMENT OF LIQUID OR GAS AS CATHODE MATERIALS WILL TACKLE AND ALLEVIATE THE PROBLEM OF SLOW KINETICS IN CONVENTIONAL SOLID-STATE CATHODES WHEN WORKING AT ULTRA-LOW TEMPERATURES. SPECIFICALLY FOR LIQUID CATHODE NOVEL HIGH-CAPACITY CATHOLYTE COMPOSED OF LOW-COST NA-PHOSPHORUS-SULFUR COMPLEXES WILL BE DEVELOPED TO PAIR WITH NA METAL ANODE TO FORM A RECHARGEABLE BATTERY SYSTEM THAT WILL DELIVER HIGH SPECIFIC ENERGY (THEORETICAL: 920 WH/KG) AND SUPERIOR RATE PERFORMANCE AT EXTREME COLD ENVIRONMENTS. AS TO GAS CATHODE CARBON DIOXIDE WILL BE USED TO COUPLE WITH NA METAL ANODE TO CONSTITUTE A UNIQUE NA-CARBON DIOXIDE BATTERY WITH A THEORETICAL SPECIFIC ENERGY OF 1125 WH/KG WHICH WILL BE INVESTIGATED AS BOTH PRIMARY AND RECHARGEABLE SYSTEMS. WE AIM TO REALIZE THE PROPOSED SEMI-SOLID NA PRIMARY AND RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES THROUGH MULTI-FACETED DEVELOPMENTS ON THE CATHODE ANODE AND ELECTROLYTE COMPONENTS VIA RATIONAL ELECTRODE MATERIALS DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION MECHANISM INVESTIGATIONS. THESE TRANSFORMATIVE AND DISRUPTIVE SEMI-SOLID NA BATTERIES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE GAME-CHANGING TECHNOLOGIES AND WILL LEAD TO DRAMATIC LOW-TEMPERATURE BATTERY PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS. SUCH BATTERIES WILL SERVE AS AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE POWER SOURCES TO MEET BROAD NASA PLANETARY SCIENCE MISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR A VARIETY OF DESTINATIONS SUCH AS OUTER PLANETS MOON MARS AND SMALL BODIES.