ANALYSIS OF BRIGHTNESS VARIATION IN THE TIME DOMAIN PROVIDES A WINDOW ON PHENOMENON AROUND YOUNG STARS ON A SPATIAL SCALE THAT IS OTHERWISE DIFFICULT TO ACCESS FOR AN AGE RANGE THAT IS RELEVANT TO UNDERSTANDING HOW PLANETS EMERGE FROM CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS OF DUST AND GAS. WE PROPOSE A UNIFORM ANALYSIS OF LIGHTCURVES OF STARS IN ARCHIVED OBSERVATIONS OF THE NASA K2 MISSION TO IDENTIFY STARS THAT EXHIBIT TRANSIENT DIMMING OR ``DIPS" OF UP TO 50 PERCENT ON TIMESCALES OF A DAY TO DAYS. THIS TYPE OF VARIABILITY IS TYPICALLY BUT NOT ENTIRELY FOUND AMONG VERY YOUNG STARS WITH DISKS IN STAR-FORMING REGIONS. THE EXACT MECHANISM OR MECHANISMS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIPS IS NOT KNOWN BUT DIPS ARE THOUGHT TO THE THE RESULT OF OBSCURATION BY CLOUDS OF CIRCUMSTELLAR DUST AND A CORRELATION BETWEEN DIP DEPTH AND EXCESS INFRARED EMISSION SUGGESTS A ROLE FOR THE INNER PROTOPLANETARY DISK AND THUS POTENTIALLY DISK EVOLUTION AND PLANET FORMATION IN THAT REGION. ON THE OTHER HAND THE DISKS OF DIPPER SYSTEMS IMAGED BY THE ALMA INTERFEROMETER DO NOT TEND TO BE NEARLY EDGE-ON AS EXPECTED BY MODELS INVOKING DUSTY STRUCTURES IN DISKS. TESTING MODELS OF DIPS REQUIRES WELL-DEFINED COMPRESHENSIVE AND UNBIASED CATALOGS OF DIPS AND DIPPER STARS SPANNING ADEQUATE RANGES OF AGE STELLAR MASS AND DISK EVOLUTION. WE PROPOSE TO RE-ANALYZE K2 LIGHTCURVES OF MEMBERS OF THE TAURUS RHO OPHIUCUS UPPER SCORPIUS PLEIADES AND PRAESEPE CLUSTER THAT SPAN THE FIRST 800 MYROF STELLAR HISTORY INCLUDING THE PROTOPLANETARY AND DEBRIS DISK PHASES AND BEYOND. WE WILL SYSTEMATICALLY IDENTIFY AND DESCRIBE DIPS AND DIPPER STARS OBTAIN ANCILLARY DATA WHERE NEEDED TO CHARACTERIZE THE STARS AND THEIR DISKS AND COMPARE POPULATIONS OF STARS IN WAYS THAT WILL TEST MODELS OF DIPPERS. WE WILL DETECT DIPS AS ANOMALOUS INTERVALS IN CONTINUOUS AND COMPLEX STELLAR VARIABILITY AND INSTRUMENTAL NOISE DESCRIBED BY A GAUSSIAN PROCESS. WE WILL CHARACTERIZE DIPS ACCORDING TO DEPTH DURATION AND SHAPE CLASSIFY THEM USING UNSUPERVISED LEARNING METHODS AND ESTIMATE THE OCCURRENCE OF DIPS IN A POPULATION OF TARGET STARS USING THE DETECTIONS AS A ``DIP ATLAS" AND THE INJECTION-AND-RECOVERY METHOD. WHERE NECESSARY WE WILL OBTAIN FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS WITH GROUND-BASED TELESCOPES TO OBTAIN SPECTRA AND HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING COMBINED WITH PRECISE PARALLAXES FROM THE GAIA MISSION TO BETTER DETERMINE THESE STARS' TEMPERATURES RADII AND LUMINOSITIES. STELLAR ROTATION PERIODS WILL BE DETERMINED FROM THE LIGHTCURVES THEMSELVES. WE WILL PRODUCE UNIFORM CATALOGS OF DIPS AND DIPPER STARS. WE WILL COMPARE DIPPER STARS IN CLUSTERS OF DIFFERENT AGES AND DISK EVOLUTION STATES AS WELL AS LUMINOSITIES. FINALLY WE WILL IDENTIFY HIGHLY PERIODIC DIPPERS THAT ARE A SPECIAL CHALLENGE FOR DIP FORMATION MODELS AND OFFER THE OPPORTUNITY FOR DETAILED FOLLOWUP OF DIPS WITH LARGE TELESCOPES TO PROBE THE STRUCTURE AND GAS AND DUST COMPOSITION OF THE INTERVENING MATERIAL. THE PROPOSED PROJECT WILL TRAIN A GRADUATE STUDENT WHO WILL CONDUCT PART OF THIS RESEARCH AS A DISSERTATION FOR AN M.S. OR PH.D. DEGREE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I AND INVOLVE UNDERGRADUATES THROUGH THE NASA SPACE GRANT PROGRAM. THE RESEARCH FURTHERS THE FULL SCIENTIFIC USE OF DATA FROM THE NASA K2 MISSION AND SUPPORTS NASA GOALS TO UNDERSTAND THE PHENOMENON OF PLANET FORMATION FROM CIRCUMSTELLAR DISKS AND THE PROCESSES BY WHICH THE OBSERVED DIVERSITY OF PLANETARY SYSTEMS INCLUDING THOSE CONTAINING HABITABLE PLANETS EMERGES AS DESCRIBED IN THE NASA ASTROPHYSICS ROADMAP AND THE NASA ASTROBIOLOGY STRATEGY DOCUMENT OF 2015.
$199,882FY2020National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
University Of Hawaii, Honolulu