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WE PROPOSE TO PREDICT OBSERVE AND ANALYZE OCCULTATIONS BY OBJECTS IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. OCCULTATIONS ARE THE DEFINITIVE METHOD FOR GETTING THE SIZES OF AIRLESS BODIES. SIZES LEAD TO ACCURATE ALBEDOS WHICH CAN BE USED TO ADJUST OUR ESTIMATED ALBEDOS AND DIAMETERS FOR LARGE CLASSES OF OBJECTS. IN SOME CASES THIS CAN BE COMBINED WITH THERMAL INFRARED MEASUREMENTS TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THERMAL PROPERTIES. THE NEW HORIZONS TARGET 2014 MU69 "ULTIMA THULE " IS THE SMALLEST KBO TO HAVE BEEN OBSERVED BY STELLAR OCCULTATION. ITS DECIDEDLY NON-SPHERICAL SHAPE HINTS AT A TRANSITION BETWEEN SPHERICAL AND NON-SPHERICAL BODIES THAT MIGHT OCCUR NEAR 100 KM DIAMETER. OCCULTATIONS WITH MULTIPLE CHORDS CAN DERIVE PROJECTED SHAPES AT THE TIME OF THE OCCULTATION AND PROBE THIS TRANSITION. OTHER BODIES SIMILAR IN SIZE TO PLUTO AND TRITON HAVE FROZEN VOLATILES DETECTED ON THEIR SURFACES WHICH ARE LIKELY TO RAISE TEMPORARY ATMOSPHERES. RINGS HAVE BEEN DETECTED AROUND HAUMEA AND SEVERAL CENTAURS. LARGE KBOS HAVE PROVEN PARTICULARLY DIVERSE. OCCULTATIONS ARE SENSITIVE TO ATMOSPHERES AT THE NBAR LEVEL AND TO NARROW DENSE RINGS. FOR PLUTO AND TRITON OCCULTATIONS ARE THE MOST ACCURATE METHOD FOR MEASURING THE CHANGING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AS ALREADY DEMONSTRATED BY FACTORS-OF-SEVERAL CHANGES SEEN ON BOTH BODIES ON DECADAL TIMESCALES. OCCULTATIONS CAN ALSO BE USED TO PROBE OR CONSTRAIN WAVE ACTIVITY WINDS AND HAZE OPACITY. EVENTS THAT PROBE THE CENTRAL 100 KM OF THE SHADOW WHERE THE ATMOSPHERE FOCUSES THE OCCULTED STARLIGHT INTO A BRIGHT "CENTRAL FLASH." THE PROPOSED WORK WILL TAKE ADVANTAGE OF WHAT WILL BE A GOLDEN AGE FOR OCCULTATIONS. GAIA IS GIVING US AS STELLAR POSITIONS AS PRECISE AS WE COULD PRACTICALLY USE (SUB-MILLARCSEC) BUT ONLY FOR SOME NUMBER OF YEARS BEFORE PROPER MOTION ERRORS BECOME SIGNIFICANT. AT THE SAME TIME ROUTINE ACCESS TO ASTROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF FAINT KBOS HELPS US REFINE KBO ORBITS. FOR SOME KBOS ASTROMETRY IS AUGMENTED BY NEW HORIZONS PARALLAX OBSERVATIONS. THIS WILL LET US KNOW THE SHADOW POSITION TO 10S OF KM. EVEN FOR LARGER OBJECTS GAIA ASTROMETRY WILL DECREASE THE NUMBER OF TELESCOPES NEEDED FOR DEPLOYMENT SIMPLIFYING OPERATIONS AND MAKING THEM MORE COST EFFICIENT. SCIENCE THAT IS POTENTIALLY ENABLED BY THIS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING: * OCCULTATIONS BY 500 TO 2000-KM CLASS KBOS TO ESTABLISH SHAPE SIZE AND ALBEDO AND TO CONSTRAIN ATMOSPHERES AND RINGS. * OCCULTATIONS BY PLUTO TO PROVIDE CONTINUED INFORMATION ON THE CLIMACTIC CHANGES IN ITS ATMOSPHERES. * OCCULTATIONS MAPPING THE 100-KM WIDE CENTRAL FLASH OF PLUTO. * DIAMETERS AND SHAPES OF 30-KM CLASS KBO OCCULTATIONS. THIS DEMONSTRATES THE RANGE OF SCIENCE ENABLED BY GAIA AND THE OCCULTATION TECHNIQUE. THIS WORK IS PRIMARILY TO OBSERVE NEW OCCULTATIONS AND AS SUCH IS APPROPRIATE FOR SSO. THE ANALYSIS IS A SMALL PART OF THE EFFORT AND SO THIS IS NOT AN SSW PROJECT. SPACECRAFT ASTROMETRY FROM GAIA AND POTENTIALLY NEW HORIZONS AID THE GROUND-BASED OBSERVING BUT ARE NOT THE MAIN FOCUS AND SO THIS IS NOT A NFDAP PROJECT EITHER.

$504,616FY2020National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA

Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio TX

Investigators

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