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EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS ARE USED WORLDWIDE TO INFORM THE PUBLIC OF GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS AND TO ASSIST COMMUNITIES IN LONG TERM PLANNING. AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS TO QUANTIFY THE GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT GIVE RISE TO HAZARDS ALLOWING FOR IMPROVED FORECASTING. VOLCANIC AND SEISMIC HAZARDS ARE LINKED ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES FROM LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF PLATE BOUNDARIES TO DYNAMIC TRIGGERING OF ERUPTIONS. WE PROPOSE TO INVESTIGATE THE GEODYNAMICS OF THE MANAGUA GRABEN NICARAGUA WITH AN AIM TOWARD CONSTRUCTION OF FULLY COUPLED VOLCANIC AND SEISMIC PROBABILISTIC HAZARD MODELS FOR THE CITY OF MANAGUA AND ENVIRONS. THESE MODELS WILL BE THE FIRST TO OUR KNOWLEDGE TO COUPLE SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC PROCESSES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT. HOW DOES THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRABEN AFFECT THE SPATIO TEMPORAL PROBABILITY OF ERUPTIONS? HOW DOES DIKE INJECTION IMPACT THE STATE OF STRESS AND ALTER REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITY? MANAGUA IS AN IDEAL PLACE FOR DEVELOPING COUPLED HAZARD MODELS TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS. THE CITY SITS WITHIN A GRABEN RIDDLED WITH ACTIVE FAULTS AND DOZENS OF HOLOCENE MONOGENETIC VOLCANOES AND ADJACENT TO SEVERAL ACTIVE VOLCANIC SYSTEMS. THE PROPOSED PROBABILISTIC HAZARD MODELS WILL USE NEW GRAVITY MAGNETIC AND GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS IN ADDITION TO EXISTING GEODETIC DATA GEOLOGIC MAPS AND THE SEISMIC CATALOG. CRITICAL DATA WILL COME FROM A NEW GEODETIC GPS GNSS NETWORK CONSTRUCTED IN THE GRABEN AFTER THE APRIL 10 2014 M6.1 EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC SWARM AND NEW INSAR DATA FROM SENTINEL 1 RADARSAT 2 AND ALOS 2. GEOLOGIC GRAVITY AND GEODETIC DATA WILL BE USED TO PROVIDE GEOMETRY AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR 3D NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS DESIGNED TO CREATE ENSEMBLE MODELS OF THE RESPONSE OF THE LITHOSPHERE TO FAR FIELD STRESSES. IN A BAYESIAN FRAMEWORK THIS MODEL OUTPUT IS THE PRIOR FUNCTION. SEISMICITY FAULTS VOLCANO LOCATIONS AND ERUPTION RECURRENCE RATE WILL BE USED TO ESTIMATE HAZARD BASED ON BANDWIDTH OPTIMIZED KERNEL DENSITY FUNCTIONS. THESE ARE THE LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS. HAZARD MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE AND ERUPTIONS ARE UPDATED USING PRIOR AND LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS. THE MOST INNOVATIVE ASPECT OF THE PROJECT IS THE EXPLICIT INCLUSION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EXTENSION ACROSS THE GRABEN AND MAGMA MIGRATION IN THE PRIOR FUNCTION ENSURING THAT THE POSTERIOR HAZARD FUNCTION IS CONSISTENT WITH GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES. THIS IMPROVES ON HAZARD MODELS BASED ONLY ON THE RATES AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAST ERUPTIONS AND EARTHQUAKES. HAZARD UNCERTAINTY CAN BE QUANTIFIED IN TERMS OF SPECIFIC GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES FROM LONG TERM MANTLE UPWELLING INDUCED BY LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION TO STATIC TRIGGERING OF EVENTS DUE TO PERTURBATION OF THE STRESS FIELD FOLLOWING EARTHQUAKES OR MAGMA MIGRATION. ONE CHALLENGE IS CONSTRAINING UNCERTAIN PARAMETERS SUCH AS LITHOSPHERIC RHEOLOGY FAULT GEOMETRY FREQUENCY OF DIKE INJECTION FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. WE PROPOSE TO BOUND THESE UNCERTAINTIES WITH ENSEMBLE MODEL OUTPUTS AND QUANTIFY THEIR AFFECT ON EARTHQUAKE AND ERUPTION PROBABILITIES. THE TRANSLATION FROM NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS INTO PRIOR FUNCTIONS IS A SECOND CHALLENGE. CORRELATING ZONES OF MANTLE UPWELLING AND MAGMA FOCUSING IN RESPONSE TO STRAIN LOCALIZATION BY CRUSTAL-SCALE FAULTS WITH SPATIAL DENSITY ESTIMATES DERIVED FROM MAPPED VOLCANO VENT DISTRIBUTION IS ONE METHOD OF ADDRESSING THIS CHALLENGE. COUPLED SEISMIC VOLCANIC HAZARD MODELS WILL IMPROVE LONG TERM HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR COMMUNITIES AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE LOCATED IN DIVERSE TECTONIC SETTINGS. FOR EXAMPLE VOLCANO TECTONIC INTERACTION WAS INVOKED AS A POSSIBLE REASON FOR INCREASING ERUPTION PROBABILITY FOLLOWING THE RECENT EARTHQUAKES NEAR MANAGUA. THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY NEEDS A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE CUMULATIVE LONG TERM STATIC RESPONSE TO SUCH EVENTS.

$679,490FY2017National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA

The Pennsylvania State University

Investigators

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EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANO HAZARD MAPS ARE USED WORLDWIDE TO INFORM THE PUBLIC OF GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS AND TO ASSIST COMMUNITIES IN LONG TERM PLANNING. AN ESSENTIAL ROLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS TO QUANTIFY THE GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT GIVE RISE TO HAZARDS ALLOWING FOR IMPROVED FORECASTING. VOLCANIC AND SEISMIC HAZARDS ARE LINKED ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SCALES FROM LONG TERM EVOLUTION OF PLATE BOUNDARIES TO DYNAMIC TRIGGERING OF ERUPTIONS. WE PROPOSE TO INVESTIGATE THE GEODYNAMICS OF THE MANAGUA GRABEN NICARAGUA WITH AN AIM TOWARD CONSTRUCTION OF FULLY COUPLED VOLCANIC AND SEISMIC PROBABILISTIC HAZARD MODELS FOR THE CITY OF MANAGUA AND ENVIRONS. THESE MODELS WILL BE THE FIRST TO OUR KNOWLEDGE TO COUPLE SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC PROCESSES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT. HOW DOES THE EVOLUTION OF THE GRABEN AFFECT THE SPATIO TEMPORAL PROBABILITY OF ERUPTIONS? HOW DOES DIKE INJECTION IMPACT THE STATE OF STRESS AND ALTER REGIONAL EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITY? MANAGUA IS AN IDEAL PLACE FOR DEVELOPING COUPLED HAZARD MODELS TO ADDRESS THESE QUESTIONS. THE CITY SITS WITHIN A GRABEN RIDDLED WITH ACTIVE FAULTS AND DOZENS OF HOLOCENE MONOGENETIC VOLCANOES AND ADJACENT TO SEVERAL ACTIVE VOLCANIC SYSTEMS. THE PROPOSED PROBABILISTIC HAZARD MODELS WILL USE NEW GRAVITY MAGNETIC AND GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS IN ADDITION TO EXISTING GEODETIC DATA GEOLOGIC MAPS AND THE SEISMIC CATALOG. CRITICAL DATA WILL COME FROM A NEW GEODETIC GPS GNSS NETWORK CONSTRUCTED IN THE GRABEN AFTER THE APRIL 10 2014 M6.1 EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC SWARM AND NEW INSAR DATA FROM SENTINEL 1 RADARSAT 2 AND ALOS 2. GEOLOGIC GRAVITY AND GEODETIC DATA WILL BE USED TO PROVIDE GEOMETRY AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR 3D NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS DESIGNED TO CREATE ENSEMBLE MODELS OF THE RESPONSE OF THE LITHOSPHERE TO FAR FIELD STRESSES. IN A BAYESIAN FRAMEWORK THIS MODEL OUTPUT IS THE PRIOR FUNCTION. SEISMICITY FAULTS VOLCANO LOCATIONS AND ERUPTION RECURRENCE RATE WILL BE USED TO ESTIMATE HAZARD BASED ON BANDWIDTH OPTIMIZED KERNEL DENSITY FUNCTIONS. THESE ARE THE LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS. HAZARD MODELS FOR EARTHQUAKE AND ERUPTIONS ARE UPDATED USING PRIOR AND LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS. THE MOST INNOVATIVE ASPECT OF THE PROJECT IS THE EXPLICIT INCLUSION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EXTENSION ACROSS THE GRABEN AND MAGMA MIGRATION IN THE PRIOR FUNCTION ENSURING THAT THE POSTERIOR HAZARD FUNCTION IS CONSISTENT WITH GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES. THIS IMPROVES ON HAZARD MODELS BASED ONLY ON THE RATES AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAST ERUPTIONS AND EARTHQUAKES. HAZARD UNCERTAINTY CAN BE QUANTIFIED IN TERMS OF SPECIFIC GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES FROM LONG TERM MANTLE UPWELLING INDUCED BY LITHOSPHERIC EXTENSION TO STATIC TRIGGERING OF EVENTS DUE TO PERTURBATION OF THE STRESS FIELD FOLLOWING EARTHQUAKES OR MAGMA MIGRATION. ONE CHALLENGE IS CONSTRAINING UNCERTAIN PARAMETERS SUCH AS LITHOSPHERIC RHEOLOGY FAULT GEOMETRY FREQUENCY OF DIKE INJECTION FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. WE PROPOSE TO BOUND THESE UNCERTAINTIES WITH ENSEMBLE MODEL OUTPUTS AND QUANTIFY THEIR AFFECT ON EARTHQUAKE AND ERUPTION PROBABILITIES. THE TRANSLATION FROM NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS INTO PRIOR FUNCTIONS IS A SECOND CHALLENGE. CORRELATING ZONES OF MANTLE UPWELLING AND MAGMA FOCUSING IN RESPONSE TO STRAIN LOCALIZATION BY CRUSTAL-SCALE FAULTS WITH SPATIAL DENSITY ESTIMATES DERIVED FROM MAPPED VOLCANO VENT DISTRIBUTION IS ONE METHOD OF ADDRESSING THIS CHALLENGE. COUPLED SEISMIC VOLCANIC HAZARD MODELS WILL IMPROVE LONG TERM HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR COMMUNITIES AND CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE LOCATED IN DIVERSE TECTONIC SETTINGS. FOR EXAMPLE VOLCANO TECTONIC INTERACTION WAS INVOKED AS A POSSIBLE REASON FOR INCREASING ERUPTION PROBABILITY FOLLOWING THE RECENT EARTHQUAKES NEAR MANAGUA. THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY NEEDS A METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE CUMULATIVE LONG TERM STATIC RESPONSE TO SUCH EVENTS. · GrantIndex