WE PROPOSE TO STUDY THE POPULATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS NEAR-SUN OBJECTS AS WELL AS SELECTED RELATED COMETS AND ASTEROIDS IN ORDER TO REDUCE THEIR ORBITAL UNCERTAINTIES AND CONSTRAIN THEIR PHYSICAL AND DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES. OUR PROPOSED WORK INCLUDES: (1) NEW OBSERVATIONS TO RECOVER AND CHARACTERIZE NEAR-SUN OBJECTS ON POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS ORBITS AND (2) NEW OBSERVATIONS OF OTHER COMETS AND ASTEROIDS HAVING SMALL PERIHELION DISTANCES (Q) TO BETTER UNDERSTAND THE PROPERTIES OF BODIES ON SUCH EXTREME ORBITS. THE PROPOSED WORK IS RESPONSIVE TO THE NEOO PROGRAM BECAUSE IT WILL DRAMATICALLY INCREASE OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE THREAT POSED BY NEAR-SUN OBJECTS INCLUDING BETTER DETERMINED ORBITS CONSTRAINTS ON THEIR SIZES AND OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND INSIGHT INTO THEIR LIKELY HERITAGE (COMET OR ASTEROID) THAT IS CRITICAL FOR FUTURE RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION.NASA HAS BEEN TASKED WITH DISCOVERING AND CHARACTERIZING NEOS THAT MIGHT POSE A THREAT TO EARTH. TRADITIONAL SURVEYS ARE MAKING STEADY PROGRESS TOWARDS THE MANDATED GOAL OF IDENTIFYING 90% OF ALL OBJECTS AT LEAST 100M IN DIAMETER (E.G. MAINZER ET AL. 2014). HOWEVER THERE IS A POPULATION OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS (PHOS) THAT IS NOT WELL DEFINED: PERIODIC OBJECTS WITH VERY SMALL Q. AT LEAST FOUR OBJECTS LIKELY AN UNDERESTIMATE HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC OBSERVATORY (SOHO) IMAGES ON MULTIPLE APPARITIONS AND BEEN DETERMINED TO HAVE ORBITS THAT BRING THEM WITHIN 0.05 AU OF EARTH BY DEFINITION MAKING THEM PHOS. DUE TO THEIR SMALL PERIHELION DISTANCES AND HIGH ECCENTRICITIES THESE OBJECTS ARE DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE FOR MOST NEO SURVEYS TO DETECT. BASED ON MINOR PLANET CENTER (MPC) ASTROMETRY NONE HAVE BEEN DETECTED BY ANY SURVEY.WHILE ONLY FOUR PHOS ARE CURRENTLY KNOWN FROM SOHO DATA THESE OBJECTS ARE NOT UNIQUE. ONE IS DYNAMICALLY RELATED TO SEVERAL DOZEN OTHER COMETS DISCOVERED IN SOHO IMAGES BUT MOST OF THESE RELATED COMETS' ORBITS ARE NOT KNOWN WELL ENOUGH TO DETERMINE HOW CLOSE THEY MIGHT PASS TO EARTH. FURTHERMORE ANY RECOGNIZED PHO MAY REPRESENT ONLY THE TIP OF THE ICEBERG SINCE FRAGMENTATION IS RAMPANT IN THE SOHO COMET POPULATION (CF. SEKANINA 2002 SEKANINA&CHODAS 2005). THE SIZES DENSITIES AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF THESE OBJECTS ARE GENERALLY UNKNOWN MAKING IT DIFFICULT TO QUANTIFY THE THREAT THEY POSE TO EARTH OR TO PLAN MITIGATION STRATEGIES. WHILE IT IS ASSUMED THAT THESE OBJECTS ARE COMETARY IN ORIGIN DYNAMICAL INTEGRATIONS (E.G. FARINELLA ET AL. 1994 GLADMAN ET AL. 1997 BOTTKE ET AL. 2002 GREENSTREET ET AL. 2012) HAVE SHOWN THAT SMALL-Q ORBITS ARE COMMON FOR ASTEROIDS AND NEAS IN ADDITION TO COMETS.THUS FURTHER INQUIRY IS NEEDED TO UNDERSTAND IF NON-GRAVITATIONAL FORCES FROM OUTGASSING WILL AFFECT SUCH OBJECTS' ORBITS.IN 2015 WE MADE THE FIRST EVER RECOVERY OF A SOHO-DISCOVERED PHO WITH A NON-SOLAR OBSERVATORY (KNIGHT ET AL. 2016). OUR OBSERVATIONS OF COMET 322P/SOHO 1 WHICH POTENTIALLY PASSED 0.047 AU FROM EARTH IN 1947 (JPL HORIZONS) REDUCED ITS POSITIONAL UNCERTAINTY FROM 100S OF ARCMIN TO A FEW ARCSEC. WE DISCOVERED THAT IT WAS INACTIVE NEAR 1 AU AND WAS SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER (150-320 M IN DIAMETER) THAN PREVIOUS ESTIMATES OF SOHO-DISCOVERED COMETS. IT ALSO HAS A HIGH ALBEDO AND V- OR Q-TYPE COLORS CALLING INTO QUESTION WHETHER IT HAD A CANONICALLY COMETARY OR ASTEROIDAL ORIGIN AND EMPHASIZING HOW LITTLE WE KNOW ABOUT OBJECTS SUBJECT TO THE HARSH CONDITIONS NEAR THE SUN. IN ORDER TO PROPERLY UNDERSTAND THE THREAT POSED BY SUCH OBJECTS SIGNIFICANT FURTHER INVESTIGATION IS NEEDED.
$601,514FY2017National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
University Of Maryland, College Park, College Park MD