THE PHOTONS OF THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND CMB STREAM TOWARD US FROM THE BOUNDARY OF THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE AND ARRIVE WITH INFORMATION ABOUT BOTH THEIR POINT OF ORIGIN AND THE CONTENTS OF THE SPACE IN BETWEEN. FULLY EXTRACTING THIS INFORMATION REQUIRES MEASURING NOT ONLY THE ENERGY AND ARRIVAL DIRECTION OF THESE PHOTONS BUT ALSO THEIR POLARIZATION. MY PROPOSAL IS TO DEVELOP FAST ROBUST AND EXTREMELY SENSITIVE POLARIZATION DETECTORS AND ARRAYS OF SUCH DETECTORS FOR FUTURE GROUND-BASED AND SATELLITE MISSIONS TO ACCURATELY MAP THE CELESTIAL POLARIZATION. THE KNOWLEDGE WE WILL THEREBY GAIN EXTENDS FROM THE FIRST MOMENTS OF THE UNIVERSE AND THE THEORY OF ITS EXPONENTIAL EXPANSION TO THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GALAXIES AND GALAXY CLUSTERS FROM WHICH WE CAN DERIVE INFORMATION ABOUT DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY. THE TWO COMPLEMENTARY DESIGNS I AM PURSUING SHARE THE GOAL OF COLLECTING MORE PHOTONS WHILE MAINTAINING LOW DETECTOR NOISE AND STABLE EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES UNDER THE CRYOGENIC CONDITIONS IN WHICH THEY ARE OPERATED. ACHIEVING THESE GOALS REQUIRES CHARACTERIZING THE RESPONSES OF THE DETECTORS AND ARRAYS AND UNDERSTANDING THE RESULTS THROUGH A MODEL OF THE BEHAVIOR. I WILL MODEL THERMAL ENERGY TRANSFER BETWEEN THE DETECTOR OR ARRAY ELEMENTS AND USE THESE MODELS TO PREDICT AND UNDERSTAND THEIR RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL INPUT SIGNALS. SUCCESSFUL MODELS CAN THEN BE USED TO OPTIMIZE DETECTOR AND ARRAY PROPERTIES IN TANDEM WITH MEASUREMENTS OF THE OPTICAL COUPLING EFFICIENCIES OF THE DETECTORS. I WILL ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO THE EVENTUAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE DEVICES IN THE FIELD AND TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE DATA THEY PRODUCE. THE SCIENCE GOALS OF THESE CMB MISSIONS ALIGN WITH THOSE OUTLINED IN THE 2010 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL DECADAL SURVEY WHILE ELEMENTS OF THE DETECTOR DESIGN WOULD THEMSELVES PROVE USEFUL IN OTHER SPACE TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS REQUIRING SENSITIVE PHOTORECEPTORS.