WHILE LONG ANTICIPATED IN BOTH SCIENCE AND SCIENCE FICTION THE EXISTENCE OF A CIRCUMBINARY PLANET ORBITING A PAIR OF NORMAL STARS WAS NOT DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED UNTIL THE DISCOVERY OF KEPLER-16B. THE SUBSEQUENT DISCOVERIES OF KEPLER-34 AND KEPLER-35 ESTABLISHED THAT SUCH SYSTEMS ARE NOT RARE. CIRCUMBINARY PLANETS ARE IMPORTANT TO FIND FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS: (I) THEIR EXISTENCE CHALLENGES THEORIESOF PLANET FORMATION; (II) STAR FORMATION FAVORS BINARY STARS THUS THERE MAY BE MORE PLANETS AROUND BINARY STARS THAN SINGLE STARS AND (III) THERE MAY BE MORE HABITABLE PLANETS AROUND BINARY STARS THAN SINGLE STARS. UNDERSTANDING THE RATES OF PLANET OCCURENCE IS NASA'S STRATEGIC GOAL OBJECTIVE 2.4.3. AND THIS PROPOSAL ADDRESSES THIS OBJECTIVE AS IT AIMS TO DISCOVER AND CHARACTERIZE CIRCUMBINARY EXOPLANETS USING DATA FROM THE KEPLER MISSION. WE PLAN A SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR CIRCUMBINARY PLANETS USING A TWO-PRONGED APPROACH.VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE LIGHT CURVES OF SOME OF THE KEPLER BINARIES HAS LED US TO THREE CIRCUMBINARY PLANETS SO FAR (KEPLER-16B KEPLER-34B AND KEPLER-35B). WE WILL CONTINUE TO VISUALLY INSPECT ALL KEPLER ECLIPSING BINARY LIGHT CURVES USING SPECIAL PURPOSE SOFTWARE TOOLS. ALSO AUTOMATED SEARCHES FOR TRANSITS WILL BE DONE TO COMPLIMENT THE VISUAL SEARCHES. KEPLER HAS PROVIDED ULTRA HIGH-QUALITY LIGHT CURVES THAT WILL ALLOW A RICH AND DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF CIRCUMBINARY PLANETS. IN PARTICULAR FROM THE PRECISE MEASUREMENTS OF ECLIPSE TIMES WE HAVE FOUND THAT THE ECLIPSING BINARY STARS FREQUENTLY SHOW VERY SIGNIFICANT VARIATIONS IN THEIR ORBITAL PERIODS (FROM MINUTES TO HOURS) INDICATING THE PRESENCE OF A THIRD BODY IN THE SYSTEM. BY CAREFULLY MEASURING THESE CHANGESIN PERIOD AND THEN MODELING THE DYNAMICAL INTERACTIONS WE CAN MEASURE THE MASSES OF ALL THREE BODIES IN THE SYSTEM AND OUR INITIAL INVESTIGATIONS HAVE SHOWN THAT WE ARE SENSITIVE TO MASSES AS LOW AS A NEPTUNE MASS (5% OF JUPITER'S MASS). BY PERFORMING THESE TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS OUR GOAL IS TO REVEAL THE HIDDEN POPULATION OF CIRCUMBINARY PLANETS. UNLIKE TRANSIT SEARCHES THAT REQUIRE A VERY SPECIAL ORBITAL ORIENTATION TO PRODUCE THE TRANSIT (ESPECIALLY AT LONG ORBITAL PERIODS) BY USING ECLIPSE TIMING VARIATIONS WE ARE SENSITIVE TO PLANETS IN FAR MORE GENERAL CONFIGURATIONS. WE HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO MEASURE THE CIRCUMBINARY OBJECT POPULATION VIA ECLIPSE TIMINGS AND THE GOAL OF THE PROPOSED WORK IS TO MEASURE THEIR PROPERTIES (E.G. PERIODS MASSES AND ORBITAL CHARACTERISTICS).
$307,876FY2014National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA
San Diego State University Foundation, San Diego CA