1. ACHIEVE 27%-EFFICIENT > 500 CM2 APERTURE AREA TANDEM MINIMODULES AFTER 6 MONTHS OF OUTDOOR TESTING IN 3 CLIMATE ZONES MADE BY HIGH-THROUGHPUT-COMPATIBLE (AT LEAST 1 M6 WAFER PER MINUTE) PEROVSKITE VAPOR DEPOSITION. 2. ACHIEVE AT MOST 10% RELATIVE PCE LOSS ON ACCELERATED TESTS THAT UTILIZE CONDITIONS SPECIFIED IN INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) 61215 MQT10, 11, 13, AND 21 TESTS ON DAMP HEAT, THERMAL CYCLING, ULTRAVIOLET (UV) EXPOSURE, AND POTENTIAL INDUCED DEGRADATION (PID) FOR AT LEAST 15 MINIMODULES. 3. DEVELOP SCALABLE AND HIGH-THROUGHPUT-COMPATIBLE PASSIVATION THAT CAN ACHIEVE >29% TANDEM SOLAR CELLS ON >160CM2 APERTURE AREAS 4. DEVELOP A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL FOR THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPLETE MINIMODULES INCLUDING CELL STACK, INTERCONNECTS, AND ENCAPSULATION THAT CAN IDENTIFY STRESS CONCENTRATIONS AND PREDICT FAILURE POINTS. 5. SEND MODULES FOR OUTDOOR TESTING AT PACT THAT HAVE < 3% RELATIVE LOSS OVER 6 MONTHS.