Occupational Exposure and Health Indicator Assessment of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

National Institute Of Environmental Health Sciences

Investigators

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in industry and consumer products, worldwide, since the early 1950?s. Sought-after for their physical and chemical properties, PFAS have been integrated extensively into consumer products and industrial applications, such as stain resistant textiles and carpeting, food-handling materials, medical devices, fire-fighting foam, and construction materials. Over the past few decades, growing concern over health effects associated with PFAS has led to industry and government actions designed to halt production of long-chain PFAS, most notably perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfate (PFOS), and precursors known to transform into long-chain PFAS. Fluorinated replacements for these legacy compounds, consisting of shorter-chain formulas, rapidly emerged and have been promoted as safer alternatives due in large part to shorter elimination half-lives (T1/2) observed in animal models. However, in vivo evidence and pharmacokinetic models suggest exposure to these emerging compounds may result in similar adverse health outcomes. With the rapid, ongoing global transition from long- to short- chain compounds and numerous options entering the market, the specific PFAS in production and the extent of potential human exposure are largely unknown. Research is needed to identify current chemicals in use, particularly in occupational settings where the potential for repeat exposure to concentrated chemicals is considerable; characterize the range of exposure in humans; and to evaluate indicators of health effects associated with short-chain compounds in human populations. Studies of occupationally exposed populations are anticipated to provide critical human exposure information and information on the potential upper range of human exposure as well as insight into chemicals currently in production. This information can then be used to inform toxicological assessments and further research into the human health effects of PFAS. In FY21, NIOSH updated the literature review for occupational exposure, health effects in occupational and relevant community populations (including epidemiologic and toxicologic studies), and methodology. A manuscript summarizing the occupational exposure literature is in progress. Methods for the collection and analysis of air samples is nearing completion, as are studies on sample storage. As there are several ongoing PFAS projects, NIOSH continued coordinated discussions within NIOSH divisions and other government and academic researchers investigating PFAS exposure. Communications are ongoing with many of these organizations, including ATSDR, NIST and DoD. Peer, tripartite and courtesy reviews of the project and protocol have been completed and the IRB protocol has been submitted, with anticipated review in FY22.