Regulation of chromatin dynamics
Univ Of Massachusetts Med Sch Worcester, Worcester MA
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Abstract
Program Director/Principal Investigator (Last, First, Middle): Peterson, Craig, Lewis The overall objective of our research is to determine how chromosome structure influences gene transcription, DNA replication and repair, with special emphasis on identifying and characterizing the chromatin remodeling machines that control chromosome dynamics. Notably, genetic experiments have revealed ATP- dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes as essential regulators of virtually every chromosomal process, and their dysregulation leads to a variety of diseases, including cancer. Our research efforts can be organized into three inter-related areas: (1) Mechanistic studies of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes;? (2) Role of chromatin dynamics in genome stability pathways;? and (3) Assembly/function of chromatin higher order structures. A major focus of our mechanistic studies is to continue to dissect the structure and biochemical mechanisms of the INO80C and SWR1C enzymes. These remodeling enzymes catalyze novel, ATP-dependent histone exchange events that control the deposition and distribution of the H2A.Z histone variant within nucleosomes that flank promoters of genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, as well as nucleosomes that flank chromatin boundary elements, centromeres, and replication origins. Mammalian homologs of SWR1C and INO80C, including the p400/Tip60 and hINO80 complexes, are key for proper stem cell function, genome stability, development, and gene expression. During the past budget period, we identified a novel regulatory interaction between SWR1C and the acetylation of lysine 56 of histone H3 (H3-K56Ac) that regulates nucleosome dynamics, noncoding RNA expression, and assembly of large-scale, chromosome interaction domains (CIDs) that are related to mammalian topologically-associated domains (TADs). These mechanistic studies will include quantitative, fluorescence-based assays to define steps of the histone dimer exchange reaction, as well as the reconstitution of these multi-subunit enzymes with recombinant subunits. Studies from us and others over the past 10 years have demonstrated that chromatin dynamics play a large role in stabilizing the replisome and in controlling various steps in DNA double strand break repair. Our recent data suggests that changes in chromatin dynamics can also lead to dysregulation of transcription which impacts genome stability pathways. Our research will address several key unanswered questions focused on genome stability pathways: (1) Do Remodelers regulate the homology search step of homologous recombination and do they function in concert with histone acetylases? (2) How does INO80C stabilize the replisome and is this role due to the regulation of ncRNA expression? (3) How does INO80C prevent ncRNA expression from intergenic regions? (4) Does the hyperacetylation of H3-K56Ac lead to formation of R-loops that disrupt replisome function? (5) Does hypoacetylation of H3-K56Ac and the resulting defect in nucleosome assembly also lead to aberrant transcription during S phase that leads to genome instability? We plan to continue to exploit a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to address such questions. Mechanistic studies of Remodelers have primarily focused on single nucleosome substrates or simple nucleosomal arrays. In vivo, these enzymes likely target nucleosomes within the context of condensed chromatin fibers. Recently, we used a combination of sedimentation velocity analyses and AFM to dissect the stoichiometry and solution dynamics of a simple form of yeast heterochromatin that contains the primary structural component, Sir3. We plan to extend such studies with chromatin fibers reconstituted with a complete complement of Sir proteins (Sir2/3/4). The overall goal will be to characterize the structure of yeast heterochromatin fibers as well as understanding how these structures can be modulated by Remodelers. A second type of higher order chromosome structure occurs throughout the genome. CIDs contain strongly self-associating nucleosomes that span ~1-5 genes, separated by distinct boundary regions. Little is known about what controls CID or TAD assembly or what functional roles they play. One possibility is that domains of self-associating nucleosomes assemble spontaneously adjacent to nucleosome depleted regions (NDRs), and mutants that disrupt CIDs either affect the efficiency of NDR formation or increase transcription through CIDs. One of our goals is to use a genome-wide, nucleosome reconstitution system to directly test whether formation of promoter-associated, nucleosome-depleted regions is sufficient for CID assembly in vitro. These in vitro studies will also be complemented by genetic analyses of CID assembly, where we will either eliminate key factors by gene deletion, or manipulate specific CID boundary regions by DNA alterations. In the long term, understanding how CIDs are assembled will facilitate studies to disrupt this process and investigate the functional consequences on both transcription and genome stability. OMB No. 0925-0001/0002 (Rev. 08/12 Approved Through 8/31/2015) Page Continuation Format Page
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