Modeling Neurodegenerative Disease Manifestations in Human Enteric Neurons
University Of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA
Investigators
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Abstract
Abstract The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a complex network of neurons and glia that drive gastrointestinal (GI) functions. The ENS accomplishes a remarkable variety of roles independent of the CNS and is therefore referred to as ?the second brain?. In addition to regulating GI activities such as peristalsis, secretion of digestive enzymes and absorption of nutrients, the ENS is also proposed as the ?gateway? between the external elements (e.g. environmental toxins, the gut microbiome and diet metabolites) and the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated that ENS in involved in neurological disorders including Parkinson?s disease and Alzheimer disease and the ENS pathologies can begin several years before the onset of classic symptoms related to brain damage. Understanding the role of ENS in these disorders could offer valuable insights into the initiation and progression of neurodegeneration and provide new therapeutic opportunities. Additionally, there is currently a high demand for developing accurate early-stage diagnostic strategies for neurodegenerative conditions, given the great extent of neuronal loss at the time of clinical diagnosis and the restricted repair capacity of neurons. Despite its high level of significance and clinical relevance, the contribution of the ENS to neurodegenerative disorders has remained elusive. This is largely attributed to the lack of an experimental framework to enable the systematic dissection of various contributing factors. In recent years, directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cell technology has provided an excellent opportunity to develop platforms for mechanistic understanding of physiology, and pathophysiology in human cell-based models. In a study recently published at Nature (Fattahi et. al., 2016), we have succeeded in the derivation of human ENS lineages from human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs). Access to these cells enables the investigation of human ENS development and function and provides a unique platform for disease modeling and drug discovery. Here, building on our exciting preliminary data, we propose a series of innovative strategies to leverage human pluripotent stem cells to gain a better mechanistic understanding of the role of ENS in neurodegenerative diseases and identify candidate drug targets and new diagnostic biomarkers.
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