Molecular and Genetic Pathways Controling Enamel Formation
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Dental caries is the most common chronic disease for humans from ages 6 - 19 years. Untreated caries result in pulpal severe pathologies and eventually in tooth loss because dental enamel cannot regenerate. Although enamel mineral structure is known and several genes have been identified to be involved in the formation of the enamel, yet researchers have not developed cell- and/or gene-based therapies towards reconstruction, regeneration of enamel tissues, prevention and treatment of dental caries. Thus, the need exists to better understand the molecular pathways involved in the development and pathophysiology of enamel structure that could further our knowledge in developing molecular-based approaches to prevent, delay or repair damage to dental enamel hard tissues from caries. Transcription factors play important role during ameloblast fate determination and normal enamel deposition. We reported that the Msx2 transcription factor when mutated in mice leads to an enamel phenotype. The Msx2 mutant ameloblasts reach the secretory stage of their differentiation process but they deposit sparse amounts of enamel matrix (Bei et al., 2004). Our current preliminary studies indicate that a member of the NKX family of homeodomain transcription factors, the Nkx2.3, is also important for amelogenesis. The Nkx2.3 knockout mice exhibit an amelogenesis phenotype similar to that of Msx2 mutant mice. In addition, the expression of the secreted protein enamelin is selectively reduced in both Msx2 and Nkx2.3 deficient secretory ameloblasts. These observations serve as the basis for our proposed hypothesis, that the molecular function of Msx2 and Nkx2.3 transcription factors during amelogenesis depends on their combinatorial action and they are part of a context dependent, amelogenesis-specific transcription factor network. To address this hypothesis, we will study the developmental response of tooth morphogenesis to perturbed Msx2 and Nkx2.3 transcriptional regulations and we will test the hypothesis that during amelogenesis Msx2 exerts its function through interactions with transcription factors that, like Nkx2.3, are co-expressed with Msx2 in ameloblasts and will characterize the Msx2-interacting partners in vitro and in vivo. Understanding how regulatory proteins function in concert with other genes to regulate amelogenesis is fundamental to dental health. If successful, this project will lead to better understanding of the mechanisms controlling dental enamel tissues formation and will result in opportunities to develop better treatment options for caries and other dental enamel diseases, such as amelogenesis imperfecta that impact dental hard tissue health.
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