Combining Radiation and Tumor-specific AntIbody Therapies to Elicit in Situ Tumor Vaccination
University Of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
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Abstract
7. Project Summary/Abstract In a collaborative research project that I initiated between the labs of Prof. Paul Sondel and Prof. Paul Harari during my residency training, we explored a novel approach to augmenting anti-tumor immune response by combining two established cancer treatments, radiation therapy (RT) and tumor-specific antibodies (mAbs). In single-tumor murine models of melanoma, neuroblastoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma we observed a cooperative anti-tumor interaction between local RT and intratumoral (IT) injection of tumor-specific mAb resulting, in part, from enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. To further augment this response, we investigated combined RT and IT-immunocytokine (IC), a fusion-protein linking tumor-specific mAb to IL2. With this we observed a greater anti-tumor immune response resulting in complete regression of established (~5 week post engraftment) tumors in most animals and a memory T cell response that rejected re-challenge with similar tumor cells. This demonstrated that combined RT + IT-IC can elicit a potent ?in situ? tumor vaccine response. T cell checkpoint blockade is becoming a standard of oncologic care in certain cancer settings and we therefore tested the benefit of adding local RT and IT-IC to systemic checkpoint blockade in our murine melanoma model. In mice bearing large primary tumors (~ 7 week post engraftment) or microscopic distant sites of disease (IV injected on the day of RT), the triple-combination of primary tumor RT followed by IT-IC injection of this tumor and systemic T cell checkpoint blockade with anti-cytotoxic T- lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody improved animal survival compared to combinations of any two of these three interventions. However, in the presence of established (~3-week post engraftment) distant sites of disease we have now observed a key limitation to our in situ vaccination strategy. In the presence of an un- radiated second macroscopic tumor, the combination of primary tumor RT + primary tumor IT-IC injection is no more effective than primary tumor RT alone. This suggests that an untreated, distant second tumor may suppress the generation of an anti-tumor immune response in the primary tumor following RT + IT-IC. We describe this as ?concomitant immune tolerance? (CIT). Here I hypothesize that 1) in situ vaccination may be achieved using local RT and IT injection of tumor- specific mAb with IL2, 2) regulatory T cell (Tregs) harbored in an established, macroscopic, distant tumor site may exert CIT, and 3) delivering external beam RT (EBRT) and IT-IC to a mouse?s primary tumor, together with IV 131I-NM404, a molecular targeted radiotherapy (MTRT), will eliminate CIT and enable an effective in situ vaccine response to eradicate all tumors in mice with primary and distant sites of disease. I propose to test these hypotheses in my independent research lab using established techniques and animal models that I have used to generate robust preliminary data. I have secured the support of six collaborators whose expert consultation and/or material assistance will help ensure the success of this research effort. This proposal does not overlap with prior or ongoing projects in the labs of my research mentors, who have expressed their complete support for my career development, my intellectual independence, and my pursuit of these research objectives in the independent lab that I will launch in October. I have previously applied for this DP5 award (for RM-15-006) and, in comparison to that prior application, the current proposal includes multiple revisions guided by reviewer feedback. This application also reflects the interval publication of an additional first-author original research manuscript that is directly related to the proposed research. In an effort to enhance the level of innovation in this proposal, I have completely revised Aim 2 and 3. Aim 2 (previous Aim 2 and 3) now specifically evaluates the critical mechanistic underpinnings of tumor-specific CIT using transgenic murine models to decipher the role of Tregs in this never-before-reported phenomenon. Meanwhile in Aim 3, I build from our preliminary observation that CIT can be overcome by delivering RT to the distant second tumor site and here I propose an altogether unique approach to circumventing CIT by combining an in situ tumor vaccine strategy with a systemic molecular targeted radiotherapy (131I-NM404), which may safely deliver RT to all sites of metastatic disease without undue toxicity or systemic immune suppression. In addition to these changes specifically aimed at enhancing the innovation of this application, I have also incorporated additional, more clinically relevant, spontaneous and inducible transgenic tumor models (Aim 1.3 and thereafter). This was done in an effort to further strengthen our robust experimental approach. To further clarify this approach, I have also more explicitly incorporated a statistical plan in the discussion of each sub-aim. While my prior DP5 proposal was scored quite favorably and advanced to the final round of interviews, it is my hope that with these revisions the current application may warrant funding. This award would clearly provide a tremendous acceleration to my independent early career development and the pace at which my lab will be able to pursue the experiments outlined herein.
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