Influence of Attentional Control on Protective Arm Responses to Balance Perturbations in Older Adults.
University Of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore MD
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY As a leading cause of fatal and non-fatal injuries in older individuals, falls are a significant health concern and one of the most feared consequences of aging. Although numerous rehabilitation interventions have been developed to improve balance in older adults, these improvements do not effectively reduce the incidence of falls and fall related injuries. Moreover, such interventions have been nearly exclusively focused on enhancing lower limb responses, while training directed towards the upper limb is commonly overlooked. In confined areas, such as the bathroom, where the majority of indoor falls occur, lower limb stepping recovery strategies are restricted and movements of the arms to grasp stable surfaces and secure balance or protect against ground impact become crucial to the prevention of head trauma and other major injuries. Another key consideration is that online sensory information detecting base of support perturbations such as slips or trips is often unreliable with age, potentially rendering a reflexively triggered stepping or protective arm response ineffective due to timing delays, direction errors, or reduced extent. We, and others, have shown an increased use of the reach-grasp response in older compared to younger adults, but with markedly decreased effectiveness, particularly among those who have previously fallen. The overall objective of this proposal is to investigate the effect of attention switching on reach-grasp stabilizing responses during fall-induced perturbations. The central hypothesis is that added challenges to attention shifting from internally-directed, highly engaging and stressful thoughts towards external sensory stimuli reflecting balance instability will delay the triggering of reach execution timing and reduce grasping accuracy that will be improved with cognitive-sensorimotor training. This research will mark the first characterization of the role of attention shifting on protective arm responses and fall rate during a balance perturbation paradigm and the first fully integrated cognitive and physical rehabilitation intervention, moving beyond correlative designs and parallel treatments. The overall public health significance of the proposed research is that once the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms to reactive balance responses have been identified, we will have the necessary steps to support evaluation of a novel attention shifting-reactive balance training program to enhance balance and prevent falls.
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