Neural circuit mechanisms of counterfactual learning
Princeton University, Princeton NJ
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
Abstract Counterfactual learning refers to the ability to adapt our behavior in response to observations or inferences about the outcomes of choices that we did not make. By allowing us to consider many possible actions and their outcomes, even in the absence of direct experience, counterfactual thinking supports numerous essential cognitive functions. Importantly, deficits in counterfactual thinking have been identified in many psychiatric and neurological diseases including depression, drug abuse and schizophrenia. We know little about the neural circuitry underlying this type of learning, however. Although previous work has implicated the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in the ability to learn from counterfactual information, we lack a detailed understanding of its causal role in counterfactual learning. Additionally, we do not understand how OFC neurons interact with downstream structures to support this behavior. To dissect the neural circuit mechanisms of counterfactual learning, we propose to develop a novel counterfactual learning paradigm for mice using virtual reality. We will then use optogenetic inactivation to determine the dynamics of OFC?s causal role in counterfactual learning. We will also investigate how this region interacts with downstream areas to encode counterfactual information, performing twophoton, cellularresolution calcium imaging from populations of OFC neurons identified by their projectiontarget. We will then optogenetically stimulate these projectionspecific populations to test their involvement in counterfactual learning. By combining novel mouse behavioral paradigms, targeted inactivation and activation of neural activity and largescale singleneuron calcium imaging, this proposal aims to reveal the neural circuit mechanisms of counterfactual learning. Identifying and characterizing neural circuits that underlie this important cognitive function is not only vital for understanding how we learn in the real world, but may be important for understanding the impaired counterfactual information processing that is a marker of several prevalent psychiatric diseases.
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