The Role of Polycomb Target Gene DNA Methylation in Intestinal Tumorigenesis
Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids MI
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Strong genetic drivers of tumorigenesis, such as loss of function of the APC tumor-suppressor gene, have been well characterized, but the role of epigenetic events remains poorly understood. Mouse models of intestinal cancer have shown that DNA methylation is critical for tumor formation, but it is not known which DNA methylation events are required for tumorigenesis. Both human and mouse intestinal tumors display extensive promoter hypermethylation, and a striking number of these hypermethylated genes are normally occupied by the Polycomb Repressive Complex in stem cells. Polycomb Target Genes (PTGs) are classically known for their important regulatory role in stem cell differentiation. Therefore, based on the established importance of DNA methylation in intestinal tumorigenesis, the high frequency of aberrant stem-cell PTG methylation in CRC, and the known biology of PTGs, we hypothesize that accumulation of PTG DNA hypermethylation in intestinal stem cells (ISCs) potentiates tumor formation through interference with normal stem cell differentiation. Stem cells with a differentiation impediment could gradually expand into a pool of self-renewing, proliferating cells that are unable to terminally differentiate and shed like normal, short-lived differentiating intestinal cells. An abnormal expansion of the stem cell compartment would proportionately increase the incidence of driver genetic events, and the stem-like properties conferred by impeded differentiation may enhance the malignant transformation of such cells. To test our hypothesis, we will use intestinal organoid cultures to pursue the following specific aims: (1) Determine the consequence of PTG DNA hypermethylation on ISC differentiation, and (2) Determine the role of PTG inactivation in intestinal tumorigenesis. In Aim 1, we will establish a novel model of PTG DNA hypermethylation by knocking out Kdm2b, which protects PTGs from de novo methylation, in intestinal organoids. This system will allow us to visualize and measure the differentiation capacity of ISCs containing widespread PTG DNA hypermethylation. In Aim 2, we will build upon the Kdm2b model to determine the effect of such hypermethylation on the proliferation and spheroid-forming capacity of Apc-deficient organoids. Further, we have prioritized candidate PTG drivers of intestinal tumorigenesis using bioinformatic analysis of PTG DNA hypermethylation in intestinal tumors. The top candidates will be functionally validated using a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout approach in organoid culture followed by the aforementioned tumorigenicity assays. The long-term objectives of this project are to understand the role of PTG DNA hypermethylation in intestinal tumorigenesis and to identify PTGs that could serve as therapeutic targets for CRC by transcriptional reactivation using focused epigenetic therapy. Given the extensive PTG DNA methylation events found in human CRC and the demonstrated role of DNA methylation in tumorigenesis, our investigation of PTG hypermethylation may yield new insights into intestinal tumorigenesis and into potential epigenetic therapies.
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