Molecular mechanism for retrograde transport of tetanus neurotoxin
Boston Children'S Hospital, Boston MA
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
Tetanus is caused by tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), which initially enters motor neurons and then traffics retrogradely into the spinal cord. It is then released from motor neurons, re-enters inhibitory neurons and blocks inhibitory input onto motor neurons, causing involuntary muscle contraction. This is in a sharp contrast to botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which act within motor neurons to cause the disease botulism. TeNT and BoNTs share the same overall structure/function, yet their distinct trafficking pathways in neurons produce two different diseases. While the pathology is well established, the molecular mechanism underlying the retrograde transport of TeNT remains elusive. The classic view is that TeNT and BoNTs recognize distinct receptors, and TeNT?s unique receptor mediates its retrograde transport. Recent evidence and our preliminary studies demonstrate that the cell-surface receptor is not involved in the sorting process, and the region beyond the receptor-binding domain of TeNT is required for sorting. Indeed, the crystal structure of TeNT reveals that its protease domain, translocation domain, and receptor-binding domain form unique interfaces at endosomal pH levels. Thus, we propose a major revision of the classic view: specific interactions among different domains of TeNT are critical for its efficient sorting into the retrograde transport pathway. Here we will test our hypothesis by designing specific mutations that disrupt inter-domain interactions in TeNT and evaluate the activity of these mutant toxins on mouse models in vivo. We also seek to identify the key host sorting factors that mediate TeNT retrograde sorting through unbiased glycan array screens and affinity purification. Successful completion of our aims will establish a new paradigm in understanding TeNT retrograde transport, and may provide key insights into endosomal sorting and retrograde transport mechanisms in general. Such an understanding will also lay the foundation for developing effective toxin-based tools to deliver therapeutics into the central nervous system.
View original record on NIH RePORTER →