Mechanisms of microbial toxin and polysaccharide secretion
University Of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
Investigators
Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens secrete virulence factors to perform a variety of biological functions, including formation of cytolytic pores, modulation of host immune responses, or scavenging nutrients. The Type 1 secretion system (T1SS) is widespread among pathogens and translocates toxins across the cell envelope in Gram-negatives. One T1SS example is found in hemorrhagic E. coli strains that secrete hemolysin, a pore forming toxin. T1SS consist of inner and outer membrane components. Integrated into and anchored to the inner membrane is an ABC transporter and a periplasmic membrane fusion protein, respectively, of which the ABC transporter energizes protein translocation. These components partner with an outer membrane porin to facilitate translocation across the outer membrane. T1SS substrates can be extremely long, ranging in size from 40 to >900kDa. Despite their lengths, the polypeptides are directly channeled from the cytosol to the exterior of the cell. We already solved the crystal structure of the T1SS ABC transporter PrtD in a resting state. Because PrtD is only functional in a fully assembled T1SS and to gain insights into the mechanism of T1SS- protein secretion, we propose to determine the structure of a stalled T1SS translocation intermediate by cryo electron microscopy (Aim 1). Substrate translocation will be stalled by fusing a stably folded domain to the substrate?s N terminus. T1SS translocate substrates C terminus first, which forms a stable Ca2+ binding domain in the extracellular milieu. Thus, by introducing a stably folded domain to the substrate?s N terminus, the T1SS is trapped between folded cytosolic and extracellular domains. To generate these T1SS translocation intermediates, we assembled a functional T1SS in vivo from heterologously expressed and individually tagged components. This system secretes the substrate PrtG into the culture medium and allows trapping of translocation intermediates with GFP-fused substrates. Another defense mechanism employed by many Gram-negative pathogens is the modification of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with complex carbohydrates (O-antigens), thereby preventing complement-mediated killing. O-antigens are mostly linear polysaccharides about 100 to 400 sugar units long. A common biosynthetic pathway involves the synthesis of fully assembled and lipid-anchored O-antigens on the cytosolic leaflet of the inner membrane, after which the polymer is transported to the periplasmic side by a specific ABC transporter before being attached to the outer core oligosaccharide of LPS. We already determined the crystal structure of the O-antigen-translocating ABC transporter in an open conformation, revealing a continuous transmembrane channel suitable to accommodate a polysaccharide chain. To unravel the mechanism by which this polymer is translocation, we propose to determine the transporter?s substrate-bound structure using O-antigens of defined lengths, synthesized in vivo or in vitro (Aim 2). Substrate-bound complexes will be generated by co- crystallization or crystal-soaking experiments with the purified substrates.
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