The Role of Tox in Regulating T Cell Exhaustion
University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY: Chronic infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C and B viruses and cancers, including melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, result in widespread morbidity and mortality across the globe. Productive immune responses are critical for the maintenance of health in patients afflicted with these diseases, yet chronic exposure to antigen results in the functional ?disarmament? of responding T cells. This process is termed ?exhaustion? and is characterized by the hierarchical loss of cytokine production, reduction in proliferative capacity and constitutive expression of surface inhibitory receptors. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in characterizing the transcription factors, inhibitory receptors and soluble mediators that result in this process. Moreover, recent reports have suggested that chromatin accessibility and histone modifications may play a significant role in establishing this dysfunctional phenotype. Yet, the molecular mechanisms that induce and regulate exhaustion are poorly understood. Therefore, in an effort to guide the development of new and more effective therapies, the primary purpose of this proposal is to increase our understanding of the mechanisms that initiate and maintain T cell exhaustion during protracted exposure to antigen. Utilizing computational approaches, we have recently identified a particular chromatin-associated protein, Tox, as a possible key player in exhaustion. A member of the high-mobility group proteins, Tox is theorized to bind to DNA and modify local chromatin structure, resulting in significant changes in gene transcription. Though the protein has been shown to play critical roles in the development of NK, innate-like and CD4 T cells, its role in regulating peripheral responses to antigen are unexplored. Our preliminary data shows that in contrast to acute infection, which results in the downregulation of Tox in peripheral T cells, chronic antigen exposure results in a substantial increase in the expression of this protein. Thus, the the central hypothesize of this proposal is that Tox responds to chronic antigen exposure by modulating the chromatin accessibility of regulatory regions that control the expression of transcription factors that mediate the dysfunction of exhaustion. The studies described within this proposal are powered to explore this hypothesis and will ultimately elucidate the role of Tox in governing differential responses to acute and chronic infection.
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