Spatial regulation of proteostasis and lysosome biogenesis in dendrites
University Of Virginia, Charlottesville VA
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Abstract
Project Summary/Abstract. Neurons are exceptionally large and exceptionally long-lived. They thus face unusual challenges when it comes to regulating their proteome in time and space. Regulated proteostasis is required to establish, remodel, and maintain the complex dendritic arbors and synapses. In addition, neurons need to avoid build-up of intracellular waste over time which can become toxic. Not surprisingly then, dysfunction of lysosomal pathways can lead to nervous system dysfunction. The trafficking of lysosomal constituents is well studied in fibroblasts where lysosomal proteases, such as cathepsins, are initially delivered to early endosomes by both mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)-dependent and ?independent pathways. Subsequent delivery to lysosomes occurs from early and late endosomes. However, significant gaps in our knowledge exist with respect to how the delivery of both cathepsins and lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) are spatially coordinated in dendrites. The premise for this application rests on our own recent data: 1) Degradative capacity along dendrites is high proximally and very low distally. Recent publications describe the importance of lysosomes traveling along dendrites and even into spines. In our own work, we discovered that terminal degradation of short-lived dendritic membrane proteins did not occur locally along dendrites. Rather, it overwhelmingly took place in degradative lysosomes clustered in the soma and in the first 25 µm of the proximal major dendrite. 2) Different constituents of lysosomes are found in distinct spatial patterns. In fibroblasts, all cathepsins traffic to lysosomes by the same pathway. Surprisingly, our data show that CatD shows a different distribution from CatB. Furthermore, the popular marker LAMP1, is not a reliable marker of lysosomes in distal dendrites, but found distally in compartments devoid of active cathepsins. There is thus divergence of multiple lysosomal constituents to distinct compartments in the soma and along dendrites, both for LAMP1 vs CatB, and for CatB vs CatD. We will test the mechanisms for divergent pathways of lysosome biogenesis in dendrites in two specific aims: Specific Aim 1: We will test the hypothesis that CatB is delivered directly to soma-near early endosomes via MPRs, but does not travel to distal dendrites, whereas LAMP1 is trafficked throughout the lengths of dendrites to early and late endosomes. The convergence point of LAMP1 and CatB to form degradative lysosomes might thus be a soma-near late endosome rather than early endosomes, as the fibroblast literature would suggest. Specific Aim 2: We will test the hypothesis that CatD, and L use distinct machinery from CatB to establish their spatial dendritic profiles, in particular MPR-independent pathways. Our long-term goal is to understand the regulation of neuronal proteostasis in space along dendrites and to uncover the physiological consequences of spatially diversified endo-lysosomes in health and disease.
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