Handheld two-photon microscopy for intra-operative cancer margin assessment
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, Cambridge MA
Investigators
Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the United States, resulting in 596,000 deaths in 2016 alone1. In particular, approximately one in eight women2 and one in seven men3 will be diagnosed with breast and prostate cancer, respectively, during his or her lifetime. Unfortunately, positive margins in radical prostatectomy (RP) and lumpectomy are strongly correlated with local reoccurrence that necessitates secondary treatment4?10. For both diseases, formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) histology is the gold standard for margin assessment, but its application is limited to post-operative evaluation. Frozen section analysis (FSA) allows intra- operative margin assessment, but its sensitivity is generally poor compared to FFPE histology due to sampling limitations and artifacts associated with FSA processing11?20. The inability of surgeons to confirm the completeness of tumor resections intra-operatively could lead to local reoccurrence and secondary treatments that are associated with increased risk and cost to the patient. Two photon microscopy (TPM) has demonstrated promise for rapid cancer margin assessment21?26 because it enables visualization of nuclear size and density, reorganization of the surrounding extracellular matrix and other important hallmarks of cancer analogous to those present in FFPE histology27. Unfortunately, the majority of previous TPM systems employed table-top scanners that restricted imaging to dissected, ex vivo specimens. We propose the development of an ultra-compact, multimodal handheld TPM probe for video rate imaging and assessment of cancer margins. The handheld TPM probe will leverage optimized staining protocols and real time virtual H&E rendering to assess the surface margins of resected specimens prior to dissection and with minimal preparation. Handheld TPM imaging of the surface margin directly would overcome sampling limitations inherent to FSA, which typically generates histological sectioning planes that sample only a thin slice of the surface margin. Towards future in vivo surgical guidance applications, handheld TPM will also enable video rate fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) with simultaneous detection of intrinsic second harmonic generation (SHG) for imaging with molecular specificity but without the need for staining. This technology would be transferable to in vivo assessment of the surgical cavity, which can only be accessed with a handheld probe. The diagnostic utility of handheld TPM will be assessed on resected breast and prostate specimens using both extrinsic and intrinsic contrast and compared to the clinical standard of FFPE histology. Handheld TPM with rapid staining and virtual H&E could be a viable adjunct to post-operative histology that would enable real time intra-operative assessment of resected specimens. Handheld TPM imaging with FLIM / SHG could yield intrinsic biomarkers that would be directly transferable to in vivo image-guided surgical applications.
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