Identification of Host Factors Required for the Cytolytic Activity of Hemolysin from Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
University Of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI
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Abstract
Project Summary Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the causative agent in over 80% of urinary tract infections (UTIs). On average, 8-9 million people are treated for uncomplicated UTIs and over 1 million people are diagnosed with hospital-acquired UTIs annually in the US. Complications of UPEC infections include recurrent UTIs, ascending infection into the ureters and kidneys resulting in pyelonephritis, and in severe cases, urosepsis and death. Identifying and characterizing the mechanistic functions of UPEC virulence factors will lead to improved prevention protocols and treatment for complicated UTIs. The hemolysin exotoxin (HlyA) is an important UPEC virulence factor. HlyA is expressed in 31-48% of E. coli recovered from uncomplicated UTIs, while in strains isolated from cases of pyelonephritis or urosepsis, 50-78% of strains express HlyA. At high doses, HlyA is cytotoxic to a wide range of cell types and species, although the mechanism for initiating cell death remains unclear. The proposed research will test the hypothesis that a host receptor or signaling pathway is subverted by HlyA to cause cell death. A genome-wide selection of a CRISPR/Cas9 mutated library of eukaryotic cells was performed to identify host factors that are required for HlyA-mediated cell death. Two hits were identified, the integrin ?2 subunit and signal peptide peptidase-like protein 3 (SPPL3), a protease involved in regulation of cellular glycosylation. This research plan is designed to validate the top candidates by discrete CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome targeting to disrupt genes of interest. Preliminary data in cell lines with the subunits of ?2 family integrins targeted for disruption individually reveals that none of the individual alpha subunits of ?2 integrins are necessary for HlyA cytotoxicity. The sufficiency of the four possible ?2 family members for HlyA cytotoxicity will be assess in this proposal. Based on the receptor range for HlyA, the interaction of HlyA with ?2 family integrins will be characterized using site-directed mutagenesis targeting regions of interest. The role of SPPL3 in HlyA mediated cytotoxicity will be validated by genetic disruption using CRISPR/Cas9. A protease- deficient form of SPPL3, which cannot regulate glycosylation, will be used to complement SPPL3-deficient cells to investigate additional roles for SPPL3 in HlyA cytotoxicity. The glycosylation state of b?2 family integrins will be examined in SPPL3 deficient and overexpressing cell lines. Finally, the receptor-mediated activity of HlyA will be examined in a species specific manner. Human cells expressing ?2 receptors are 100-fold more sensitive to HlyA cytotoxic activity than mouse cells expressing ?2 receptors. If the interaction is species specific, in vivo work in the mouse model cannot accurately assess the role of HlyA in human UPEC infections and the generation of a humanized mouse model will be warranted. This work will provide important insight into the mechanistic function of HlyA-mediated cytotoxicity and provide the groundwork for therapeutic intervention in complicated UTIs.
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