Ratio Reasoning in Children with Developmental Dyscalculia
University Of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
Project Summary/Abstract The goal of this research is to investigate a novel intervention to improve ratio reasoning in children with Developmental Dyscalculia (DD). DD is a mathematical learning disorder that impairs calculation ability and ratio reasoning. Ratio reasoning is an important predictor of advanced math skills, above even early calculation ability. Children with DD have difficulty parsing number symbols in ratio operations, but many of these children have an intact number sense, called the Approximate Number System (ANS). The ANS allows children, adults, and non-human animals to approximately and non-symbolically solve math problems. As children advance in their mathematical understanding, they connect their ANS representations of number and number operations to the culturally invented symbolic numeral form. This proposal will test the novel hypothesis that for children with DD, practice with ratio reasoning tasks presented non-symbolically with dot arrays will facilitate symbolic ratio reasoning performance. Specifically, I predict that the mechanism of this improvement will be a reduction in incorrect strategy use during symbolic ratio comparison. To test these hypotheses, I will recruit 9 to 11-year- old children with typically developing math skill (N = 62) and children with persistent low math skills at risk for DD (N = 62). I will 1) confirm that the ANS is involved in solving non-symbolic ratio problems for both typically developing children and children at risk for DD, and test the hypotheses that children with DD have a weaker relation between their non-symbolic and symbolic ratio reasoning ability than their typically developing peers, and that non-symbolic ratio reasoning skill moderates the relation between ANS acuity and symbolic math skill. 2) I will then assess the relative effectiveness of symbolic and non-symbolic ratio training on improving children?s ratio skill. For typically developing children, practice with symbolic math skills is the most effective way to improve symbolic math skills. But for children with DD, practice solving a non-symbolic representation of a ratio problem may be more successful in facilitating symbolic ratio performance. Finally, 3) I will explore whether improved performance on the symbolic ratio reasoning post-test was due to a reduction in incorrect strategy use. As children progress in their understanding of ratios, they go through stages of ratio comparison. Young children initially perform a one dimensional integer based comparison, and then progress to a full ratio comparison integrating both the numerator and denominator of the ratio. We have found that children are less biased toward incorrect ratio strategies with a non-symbolic presentation. Facilitating a greater connection between symbolic and non-symbolic ratio for children with DD may thus allow children to connect the correct solution developed during non-symbolic ratio comparison to the same problem presented with number symbols. Results of this research will lay the groundwork for a novel type of intervention to remediate the effects of DD on children?s ratio reasoning.
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