The effects of in utero exposure to gestational diabetes on hippocampal structure and function
University Of Southern California, Los Angeles CA
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Abstract
Project Summary/Abstract The purpose of this project proposal is to study the effects of exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in utero on hippocampal structure and function in children ages 7-10 years. Approximately 10% of children are exposed to gestational diabetes in utero, and GDM incidence is on the rise. In utero exposure to GDM has been linked to an increased risk towards developing metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes during adulthood, as well as cognitive deficits and neurobehavioral disorders in offspring. Animal studies show that young rats exposed to GDM in utero have impaired hippocampal structure and function, including neuronal loss, altered cell signaling, and memory impairments. The hippocampus is a brain region involved in many broad functions of memory and learning, and its development is extremely sensitive to in utero insults, including altered blood glucose levels. Thus, in utero exposure to GDM may cause abnormalities in the development of the fetal programming of the hippocampus, which in turn leads to deficiencies in memory processing in the offspring. In line with this hypothesis, a recent study showed that GDM-exposed children (ages 7-9 years) had specific deficits on the working memory subscale of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children. Additionally, 12-month old infants who were exposed to GDM in utero exhibited impaired declarative memory, as well as auditory and visual recognition memory when compared to unexposed age-matched controls. While memory was investigated in these prior studies, hippocampal memory was not specifically explored. Based on prior studies, we hypothesize that in utero exposure to maternal gestational diabetes will result in reduced hippocampal grey matter volume and reduced hippocampal memory performance in children aged 7-10 years old when compared to unexposed children matched for age, gender, ethnicity and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. To test this hypothesis, we will use state of the art magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodologies to measure hippocampal grey matter volume and a well-validated relational memory task to assess hippocampal-dependent memory function in a unique cohort of well-characterized children who were exposed to GDM in utero and matched unexposed children.
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