Development of energy harvesters for powering leadless pacemakers from myocardial motion
State University Of New York At Buffalo, Buffalo NY
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
This project investigates continuous powering of leadless cardiac pacemakers by conversion of mechanical energy of the heart to electrical energy. This energy conversion process is called vibration energy harvesting. The central element in piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters (EHs) is a piezoelectric structure. The structure resonates in response to the ambient oscillations, and its mechanical oscillations are converted to electrical energy through the piezoelectric phenomenon. The amounts of energy produced by vibration energy harvesting are typically in the order of microwatts. If EHs are used instead of batteries to power a system, they will be permanent regenerative power sources and will not need replacement. The fact that EHs are permanent power sources is instrumental for leadless pacemakers. Unlike conventional pacemakers, leadless pacemakers cannot be extracted from the heart when their batteries deplete. Thus after about seven years a new leadless pacemaker must be implanted in the heart which occupies even further ventricular space. We have shown that an EH can be developed to regeneratively power the conventional pacemakers by conversion of heart beat induced vibrations to electricity. This could eliminate the need for periodic pacemaker replacement surgeries. Leadless pacemakers are implanted in the heart and are thus substantially smaller than conventional pacemakers. This size limit demanded miniature EHs. Our preliminary studies show that vibration EHs can have larger power density than the leadless pacemaker batteries. Using an EH instead of a battery will not only result in potentially permanent leadless pacemakers but also enables adding more functions to the pacemaker. This project involves systematic modeling, design, optimization, fabrication, and testing of a number of EH designs for leadless pacemakers. Since the typical shape of a leadless pacemaker is cylindrical, the shape of the EH element should be three-dimensional. This sets the EH designs in this project aside from the majority of the EH in the literature, which are 2D. The investigated EHs are divided into two large categories of linear and nonlinear EHs. Nonlinear EHs are more advanced and more complicated. If properly designed, nonlinear EHs can be very robust to heart rate variations. The proposed linear EH is a fan-folded structure composed of multiple linked beams clamped at one end and free at the other end. We use thermal and magnetic buckling to induce nonlinearity in the nonlinear EH. Development of electromechanical models that can accurately predict the response of the EH designs is a major goal of this project. These models will be used to optimally design the miniature EHs. Fabrication and experimental testing of each EH design (through in vitro and animal tests) will both evaluate the models and calibrate the performance of the EHs. The project also includes extensive reliability analyses to ensure the long life time of the EH and to ascertain sufficient power production of the EH despite variations of heart rate and heart contractility among patients.
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