Characterization of a commensal enteric virus
New York University School Of Medicine, New York NY
Investigators
Linked publications, trials & patents
Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY The gut microbiome has fundamental effects on human health, which range from enhancing immune defense to inducing the inflammatory reactions that underlie inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Much progress has been made towards understanding how intestinal bacteria evoke these beneficial and harmful immune responses from the host. By comparison, little is known about how intestinal homeostasis is regulated by the viral component of the microbiome, the virome, in large part owing to the absence of animal models that enable functional studies of commensal viruses. We found that murine norovirus (MNV) infection protects germ-free mice and antibiotics-treated mice from intestinal injury, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can replace the beneficial functions typically provided by commensal bacteria. We also demonstrated that MNV induces inflammatory pathologies in mice with a mutation in Atg16L1, an IBD susceptibility gene that is essential for the cellular degradative process of autophagy. Therefore, in a manner analogous to bacterial members of the microbiome, MNV can be beneficial while also mediating disease in a genetically susceptible host. We propose to use MNV infection of mice as a model to address fundamental questions surrounding how a commensal animal virus affects intestinal homeostasis. We will genetically manipulate both the host and the virus to define the molecular features of this underappreciated category of host-microbiome interaction. In addition to testing the role of specific immune pathways during virus-mediated protection against intestinal injury, we will investigate how mutation of Atg16L1 disrupts this otherwise beneficial response. Moreover, we will determine whether the beneficial and adverse responses to MNV can be decoupled. Functional characterization of intestinal viruses, beyond their role as pathogens, will become increasingly necessary to improve the safety and efficacy of therapies that target the microbiome. We also anticipate identifying new bacteria-independent pathways involved in the intestinal injury response and IBD pathogenesis.
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