A Noninvasive Prenatal Testing Platform for Aneuploidy at Five Weeks of Gestation
Cradle Genomics, Inc., San Diego CA
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Abstract
The overall goal of this research is to provide a flexible prenatal genetic testing kit that can be expanded to detect any inheritable trait as early as 5, and up to 20, weeks of gestation, from a safe, noninvasive Pap smear. Studies show that perinatal Pap tests pose no risk to mother or fetus, and capture trophoblast-like cells that migrate from the placenta into the reproductive tract. Trophoblast retrieval and isolation from the cervix (TRIC) efficiently isolates hundreds of fetal cells without limitations due to early gestational age, maternal obesity, or uteroplacental insufficiency disorders. In a recent Science Translational Medicine report, we isolated sufficient genomic DNA from intact fetal cells obtained by TRIC at 5-19 weeks of gestation (n=20) to definitively distinguish maternal and fetal DNA by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 59 short terminal repeats (STRs) and 94 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Compared to massively parallel sequencing of cell-free fetal DNA from maternal serum, which has a fetal fraction of only 4-10% at week 10 of gestation, DNA obtained by TRIC had a fetal fraction of 85-100%, capable of providing nucleotide-specific haplotyping. TRIC will be commercialized to identify single gene and chromosome number disorders in a prenatal test from Pap smears. We will develop a custom multiplex PCR platform to simultaneously amplify SNPs and STRs to identify fetal DNA, as well as loci across Chromosome 21 (Chr21) to detect trisomy 21, Down syndrome. This platform will be expanded to other chromosome number diseases in Phase II. We will accomplish four milestones. 1. Primers will be designed and tested with human genomic DNA to amplify STRs, SNPs and loci across Chr21 and Chr1 (reference), sequencing PCR products by NGS to optimize their amplification and co-amplification in single-plex and multiplex PCR. 2. DNA isolated from fetal and maternal cells isolated by TRIC (N=50), as well as the corresponding newborn bloodspots (reference), will be compared by targeted NGS. We expect amplicons to be generated for each set of primers. 3. STR and SNP haplotypes will be identified, based on read distributions in the NGS data, to determine the proportion of fetal and maternal DNA, and correspondence to newborn bloodspot DNA. NGS results for Chr1 and Chr21 will be compared to determine their relative ploidy. 4. DNA from patients carrying a fetus at risk for Trisomy 21 (N=50) will be analyzed by targeted NGS to compare STR, SNP and sequences across Chr21 and Chr1 in fetal, maternal and newborn bloodspot DNA. We expect to demonstrate unique identities for fetal and maternal DNA, identical fetal and newborn haplotypes, and concordance between Chr21 ploidy of fetal and newborn DNA. It should be possible to detect Trisomy 21 and mosaicism, if present. With an estimated annual market potential of $1 billion, the envisioned technology will fill an existing gap in clinical diagnostics by providing an early, safe approach for prenatal genetic analysis. Our initial commercial product will enable management of high risk pregnancies, and provide valuable information to physicians and patients in the process of establishing families, specifically impacting pregnancies at risk of having a child with Trisomy 21.
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