An Essential Role for miR-29b in the Protective Effect of Apelin in Diabetic Vascular Stiffness
Stanford University, Stanford CA
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY Vascular stiffness is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in diabetes and represents an understudied, but potentially modifiable risk factor for death in the large and growing population of American diabetics. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetic vascular stiffness are only recently coming to light, and therapeutic targets remain elusive. The apelin-APJ signaling axis is a potentially targetable molecular pathway that is dysregulated in diabetes and activation of which is associated with decreased vascular stiffness in humans and mice. Importantly, preliminary data in apelin knockout mice suggests that this decreased stiffness may occur in part through decreased vascular medial fibrosis. MicroRNA-29b (MiR-29b) protects against medial fibrosis by translational repression of collagen and elastin transcripts, and its expression is regulated by canonical second messengers of apelin-APJ binding. Therefore, we hypothesize that diabetes decreases apelin/APJ signaling, leading to a miR-29b ?dependent alteration in collagen and elastin expression in the vascular media to cause increased vascular stiffness. In Specific Aim1, I will use cultured vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to apelin and hyperglycemia as well as specific inhibitors of canonical APJ signaling to elucidate the specific molecular mechanisms by which apelin increases miR-29b expression in the vascular media. In Specific Aim 2, I will use a mouse model of diabetes, the leptin knockout (db/db) mouse as well as apelin knockout mice to assess the effect of in vivo modulation of miR-29b expression and apelin on diabetic vascular stiffness as measured by ex vivo pressure myography. Specifically, I expect to demonstrate that miR- 29b administration to apelin KO mice rescues their increase in vascular stiffness, and that in db/db mice, apelin administration rescues vascular stiffness in a miR-29b-dependent manner. In Specific Aim 3, I will examine the regulation of these molecular actors in human diabetes by measuring aortic expression of apelin, APJ, miR-29b and markers of vascular medial fibrosis in diabetic vs non-diabetic patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. This will confirm that the apelin- APJ-miR-29b pathway is downregulated in human diabetes, making it a viable therapeutic target to reduce diabetic vascular stiffness. The proposed experiments will identify multiple putative therapeutic targets and provide a scaffold on which to study multiple molecular pathways converging on vascular stiffness. As this represents one of the few targetable disease entities in which intervention can prevent mortality and improve symptoms, this project has the potential to contribute greatly to our treatment of diabetic cardiovascular disease.
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