The roles of BER and TLS in limiting aflatoxin-induced carcinogenesis
Oregon Health & Science University, Portland OR
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Abstract
Project Summary Chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is associated with a significant cancer risk within certain populations in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, with exceptionally high rates of early onset hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) that can approach 1:1,000/year. Human exposures to AFB1 come through the consumption of food products that are contaminated with the fungi, Aspergillus flavus or parasiticus. Thus, aflatoxin-associated HCCs represent a global health issue, with a significant percentage of the ~750,000 new cases of HCC per year (in 2008) attributed at least in part to these dietary exposures. Concomitant with ingestion of aflatoxin, there are additional factors that influence HCC induction, including chronic inflammation resulting from hepatitis B and C viral infections and the balance of bioactivation and detoxication pathways. However, even though dietary exposures to aflatoxins constitute the second largest environmental risk factor for cancer development, only behind tobacco-related exposures, there are still significant questions concerning the molecular mechanisms driving the underlying mutagenic events and subsequent carcinogenesis. The capacity of cells to initiate and complete repair of persistent AFB1-induced DNA adducts defines the mutagenic burden in the target tissues and ultimately limits cellular progression to cancer. Although the nucleotide excision repair pathway has been previously demonstrated to correct the two major AFB1 DNA adducts, evidence is presented herein that demonstrates that the base excision repair (BER) pathway is very efficient in the recognition and removal of the highly mutagenic AFB1-Fapy-dG adduct. This has been demonstrated through 1) biochemical DNA incision assays using site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides, 2) measurements of highly elevated levels of AFB1-Fapy-dG adducts in BER-deficient mice relative to wild-type mice, and 3) elevated AFB1-induced carcinogenesis in BER-deficient mice versus control BER-proficient mice. Further, DNA polymerase ? has been shown to be responsible for the G to T transversion signature associated with aflatoxin exposure. Using site-specifically modified oligodeoxynucleotides and knockout mouse models, this application proposes to establish the molecular mechanisms by which DNA repair limits AFB1-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Additionally, the in vivo role of pol ? in modulating the outcome of replication past AFB1 adducts will be investigated. These studies have direct human health relevance in regard to understanding a global environmental health problem by identifying genes and biochemical pathways previously not recognized as germane to AFB1-induced carcinogenesis. Additionally, the fundamental mechanistic insights derived from the proposed analyses will guide human epidemiological and interventional investigations of the role of DNA repair in reducing early onset HCCs.
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