Inhibitory Control in the Aging Bilingual Brain
University Of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Bilinguals constantly exercise language control, a form of cognitive control, by successfully managing activation of two languages, switching between them at will, while avoiding switching by mistake. Both language and cognitive control may decline in aging, and a growing body of evidence suggests that standard approaches to neuropsychological assessment of bilinguals can result in inaccurate diagnoses. A prominent theory suggests that bilinguals rely on inhibition to achieve efficient language control. Considerable data support this claim in speech production and in young bilinguals, but limited research characterizes the role of inhibition in bilingual language comprehension, and how inhibitory control mechanisms may change in aging bilinguals. We hypothesize that bilinguals rely on inhibition broadly, in both modalities, and that domain general inhibition, which declines in aging, underlies bilingual language control. Studies to date may have failed to reveal inhibitory control mechanisms by use of relatively simple tasks, measures with limited sensitivity, and paradigms that do not effectively elicit inhibitory control. Most research on bilingual language control has focused on behavioral responses in young bilinguals producing out-of-context (e.g., single picture naming) or limited context speech (e.g., single sentences). In Aim 1, we examine the neural correlates of bilingual paragraph reading, to examine the possible role of inhibition in default language selection during comprehension of short stories with language switches, a task that resembles naturalistic language comprehension more than previously studied tasks. We hypothesize fMRI will reveal activation of brain regions commonly associated with inhibition (DLPFC, ACC) in a condition that requires bilinguals to select the nondominant language as default when processing occasional switches to the dominant language, and predict changes in activation in young versus older bilinguals, whose brains will need to compensate for inefficiency of inhibitory control mechanisms. In Aim 2, we examine possible overlap between language and cognitive control by investigating the possibility of aging-related decline in a powerful behavioral signature of inhibitory control, i.e., fully reversed language dominance effects, using a version of the cued picture-naming task that we recently identified to consistently exhibit reversed dominance effects with repetition. We hypothesize this task will reveal aging-related decline in ability to inhibit the dominant language. The proposed studies will examine the intersection of bilingual language processing and aging to develop theoretical models of cognitive processing in bilinguals, and to increase information about how bilingualism affects cognitive test performance, which is necessary for early identification of cognitive impairment with the goal of delaying, slowing, or possibly reversing cognitive decline in aging and dementia. Finally, this research project will enhance the applicant?s graduate school training and will lead to a successful career as a neuropsychologist trained in imaging and aging research, with a special focus on bilingualism which is often correlated with minority status in the USA.
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