Dual Catalytic Asymmetric Photoredox Coupling of alpha-Â Keto Radicals
Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, Cambridge MA
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Abstract
PROJECT SUMMARY The modern world relies upon chemistry to provide a variety of essential materials. Of particular importance is the use of chemical synthesis to generate biologically relevant compounds to prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. It is imperative to render these processes as safe, sustainable, and cost-effective as possible to ensure the long-term productivity of this field. Two of the most commonly utilized transformations to this end are oxidation and reduction reactions. Recently, photoredox catalysis has been shown to be a powerful tool to facilitate these reactions. Photoredox catalysis has the benefit of utilizing safe, mild, and sustainable terminal oxidants or reductants in conjunction with a small amount of photosensitive catalyst. Furthermore, iron and copper are earth abundant metals that have been shown to effect a variety of useful oxidation reactions. However, if iron and copper oxidation reactions can be coupled with photoredox catalysis, stoichiometric metal waste can be circumvented and more sustainable processes will emerge. An important oxidation reaction promoted by copper and iron is the radical enolate coupling with indoles to furnish substituted indoles and the radical enolate coupling with enolates to furnish 1,4-dikeontes. The literature pertaining to copper and iron oxidation is rich, however no catalytic examples exist. Due to the issues associated with stoichiometric use of copper and iron, catalytic asymmetric methodologies with these stoichiometric oxidants are rare. By using an inexpensive terminal oxidant to re-oxidize copper or iron, chiral ligands may be employed on the metal centers to impart asymmetry on the bond formation. The Buchwald group has a history of developing catalytic reactions that are useful to the industrial and academic arenas. In order to develop an asymmetric dual catalytic oxidation of enolates to to couple with indoles and enolates we will first explore the racemic reaction with catalytic amounts of copper or iron in the presence of a photocatalyst and stoichiometric terminal oxidant. Once the racemic reaction has been developed and understood, we will explore the use of chiral ligands on copper and iron to generate an asymmetric enolate coupling reaction. We will also explore the implementation of this chemistry in photo-flow reactors. Finally, this reaction will be used as a tool effect surface modification through photo-patterning. The research proposed herein presents an innovative approach to solving the challenges of catalytic oxidation with iron and copper. Furthermore, the use of catalytic copper or iron will allow for the implementation of asymmetric coupling reactions through the use of chiral ligands. By coupling photoredox catalysis with iron and copper oxidation chemistry, these already useful reactions will become significantly more powerful. Furthermore, the development of catalytic oxidations will allow for the application of these reactions to more diverse systems for chemical and material synthesis.
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